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            <title><![CDATA[【数学】平面向量与解三角形概念公式速查]]></title>
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            <description><![CDATA[本文档为您提供高中数学中“平面向量”与“解三角形”两大核心模块的基础概念与常用公式，方便快速查阅与复习。]]></description>
            <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="notion-article" class="mx-auto overflow-hidden "><main class="notion light-mode notion-page notion-block-30ff941cf9b880f3864cd9bb53799220"><div class="notion-viewport"></div><div class="notion-collection-page-properties"></div><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-316f941cf9b880dd9fa1f53fe579a6d7" data-id="316f941cf9b880dd9fa1f53fe579a6d7"><span><div id="316f941cf9b880dd9fa1f53fe579a6d7" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#316f941cf9b880dd9fa1f53fe579a6d7" title="平面向量与解三角形概念公式速查"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">平面向量与解三角形概念公式速查</span></span></span></h2><div class="notion-callout notion-gray_background_co notion-block-316f941cf9b88072be28f4a49fcdc0ae"><div class="notion-page-icon-inline notion-page-icon-span"><span class="notion-page-icon" role="img" aria-label="💡">💡</span></div><div class="notion-callout-text"><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b880809598e33546840004"><span class="notion-default">本文档为您提供高中数学中“平面向量”与“解三角形”两大核心模块的基础概念与常用公式，方便快速查阅与复习。</span></div></div></div><h3 class="notion-h notion-h2 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-316f941cf9b880afa3e6f5d2df0428c7" data-id="316f941cf9b880afa3e6f5d2df0428c7"><span><div id="316f941cf9b880afa3e6f5d2df0428c7" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#316f941cf9b880afa3e6f5d2df0428c7" title="第一部分：平面向量 (Plane Vectors)"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">第一部分：平面向量 (Plane Vectors)</span></span></span></h3><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-316f941cf9b880029dabda288a7a17dd" data-id="316f941cf9b880029dabda288a7a17dd"><span><div id="316f941cf9b880029dabda288a7a17dd" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#316f941cf9b880029dabda288a7a17dd" title="1. 核心概念"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">1. 核心概念</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b880199220d2c804ac8d2a"><span class="notion-default">为方便对比与记忆，平面向量的基础概念梳理如下：</span></div><ol start="1" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-316f941cf9b8800c9ad6f67b523fbf8a" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>向量</b></span><span class="notion-default">：既有大小又有方向的量，记作 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 或 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">。</span></li></ol><ol start="2" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-316f941cf9b8802ebc2acd515ab58f5f" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>模 (长度)</b></span><span class="notion-default">：向量的大小，记作 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 或 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">。</span></li></ol><ol start="3" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-316f941cf9b880f5b4d8ef704dbae84d" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>零向量</b></span><span class="notion-default">：长度为 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 的向量，记作 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">。它的方向是任意的。</span></li></ol><ol start="4" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-316f941cf9b880119e60f14d10f6cdc9" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>单位向量</b></span><span class="notion-default">：长度为 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 的向量。与 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 同向的单位向量公式为 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">。</span></li></ol><ol start="5" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-316f941cf9b880abb0d9ebd1a5584e01" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>平行 (共线) 向量</b></span><span class="notion-default">：方向相同或相反的非零向量，记作 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">。需要特别注意的是，数学上规定：零向量与任意向量平行。</span></li></ol><ol start="6" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-316f941cf9b880678708d5e3246aaa71" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>相等向量</b></span><span class="notion-default">：长度相等且方向相同的向量，记作 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">。</span></li></ol><hr class="notion-hr notion-block-316f941cf9b880eda80fcae3dfbb75f8"/><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-316f941cf9b880ebadb0d51756bcb365" data-id="316f941cf9b880ebadb0d51756bcb365"><span><div id="316f941cf9b880ebadb0d51756bcb365" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#316f941cf9b880ebadb0d51756bcb365" title="2. 向量的线性运算"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">2. 向量的线性运算</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b88013b99defa1d23e8a93"><span class="notion-default">以下是向量线性运算的基本规则与步骤：</span></div><ol start="1" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-316f941cf9b8805a86e7ed1df63259d2" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>加法运算 (三角形法则与平行四边形法则)</b></span><span class="notion-default">：将向量首尾相接或共起点平移。
基本公式：</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ol><ol start="2" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-316f941cf9b88049bdc6ca69220a7d57" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>减法运算</b></span><span class="notion-default">：将两向量共起点，结果向量指向被减向量。
基本公式：</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ol><ol start="3" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-316f941cf9b8806d9e25dfe8eeef40a9" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>数乘运算</b></span><span class="notion-default">：实数 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 与向量 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 的乘积记为 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，其方向取决于 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 的正负：</span></li><ol class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-316f941cf9b8806d9e25dfe8eeef40a9" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-316f941cf9b880acb558f846ccb67d01"><li><span class="notion-default">当 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 时，方向与 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 相同。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-316f941cf9b8807d8bcfe0c14cc8841a"><li><span class="notion-default">当 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 时，方向与 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 相反。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-316f941cf9b8808c97d4ff72aa0ab44e"><li><span class="notion-default">当 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 时，结果为零向量 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">。</span></li></ul></ol></ol><hr class="notion-hr notion-block-316f941cf9b88041a42fc689ff96f4a1"/><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-316f941cf9b8806297c9df34519c55f6" data-id="316f941cf9b8806297c9df34519c55f6"><span><div id="316f941cf9b8806297c9df34519c55f6" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#316f941cf9b8806297c9df34519c55f6" title="3. 平面向量的坐标运算"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">3. 平面向量的坐标运算</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b880e2afc5dc67519bc3c9"><span class="notion-default">设平面内有两向量 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，以及两点 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 与 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">。</span></div><ol start="1" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-316f941cf9b8807ab22fd1d6f0fb2815" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>向量坐标化</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ol><ol start="2" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-316f941cf9b880da910df2ff8b1c950b" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>向量加减法</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ol><ol start="3" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-316f941cf9b880ff981dcca0f82d8e71" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>向量数乘</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ol><ol start="4" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-316f941cf9b880da9467e6467ff1f92e" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>向量的模</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ol><ol start="5" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-316f941cf9b8807cb5bdc8b7dc837756" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>共线 (平行) 条件</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ol><hr class="notion-hr notion-block-316f941cf9b8802faa01c1547d5e5a4f"/><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-316f941cf9b8807ebf68f76ebb2dd964" data-id="316f941cf9b8807ebf68f76ebb2dd964"><span><div id="316f941cf9b8807ebf68f76ebb2dd964" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#316f941cf9b8807ebf68f76ebb2dd964" title="4. 向量的数量积 (内积/点乘)"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">4. 向量的数量积 (内积/点乘)</span></span></span></h4><ol start="1" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-316f941cf9b88015bb81e4dabd97c629" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>基本定义</b></span><span class="notion-default">：
</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> （其中 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 为 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 与 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 的夹角，</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">）</span></li></ol><ol start="2" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-316f941cf9b88081983fcc10d625e28a" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>坐标公式</b></span><span class="notion-default">：
</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ol><ol start="3" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-316f941cf9b8808bb196d3c121290eec" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>夹角公式</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></li></ol><ol start="1" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-316f941cf9b880629107f6f09d2c2fd0" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>垂直条件</b></span><span class="notion-default">：
对于非零向量，</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ol><ol start="2" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-316f941cf9b880c69ad1caa68fdcf01c" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>向量投影</b></span><span class="notion-default">：
</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 在 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 方向上的投影值为 </span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ol><hr class="notion-hr notion-block-316f941cf9b88057985deb6f66f4c5ff"/><h3 class="notion-h notion-h2 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-316f941cf9b8808a9083ffe5fb191505" data-id="316f941cf9b8808a9083ffe5fb191505"><span><div id="316f941cf9b8808a9083ffe5fb191505" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#316f941cf9b8808a9083ffe5fb191505" title="第二部分：解三角形 (Solving Triangles)"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">第二部分：解三角形 (Solving Triangles)</span></span></span></h3><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b880f1a691e21cda64c301"><span class="notion-default"><b>约定符号</b></span><span class="notion-default">：
在 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 中，角 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 的对边分别为 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">；</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 为外接圆半径，</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 为内切圆半径。</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-316f941cf9b88015a0acc7b4f98bcc4a" data-id="316f941cf9b88015a0acc7b4f98bcc4a"><span><div id="316f941cf9b88015a0acc7b4f98bcc4a" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#316f941cf9b88015a0acc7b4f98bcc4a" title="1. 正弦定理 (Sine Rule)"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">1. 正弦定理 (Sine Rule)</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b8800cb8dcd38b9aea953d"><span class="notion-default">在一个三角形中，各边和它所对角的正弦的比相等。</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b8801c9e2bc4bd6c225bae"><span class="notion-default"><b>常用变形归纳</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></div><ol start="1" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-316f941cf9b88068ab36c1820c560b09" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>角化边</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ol><ol start="2" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-316f941cf9b8806ab989f9da8c5978e0" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>边化角</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ol><ol start="3" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-316f941cf9b8806484c9c25b0c6c2ebc" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>比例关系</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ol><hr class="notion-hr notion-block-316f941cf9b8803eab58f1c53bd64b5f"/><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-316f941cf9b880299d43edf886dbff46" data-id="316f941cf9b880299d43edf886dbff46"><span><div id="316f941cf9b880299d43edf886dbff46" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#316f941cf9b880299d43edf886dbff46" title="2. 余弦定理 (Cosine Rule)"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">2. 余弦定理 (Cosine Rule)</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b8801889f4cb26d5853977"><span class="notion-default">三角形中任何一边的平方，等于其他两边平方的和减去这两边与它们夹角的余弦的积的两倍。</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b8800f956dcd0ecf9cc4ac"><span class="notion-default"><b>推论 (求角公式)</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></div><hr class="notion-hr notion-block-316f941cf9b8802095e8e56f499b955f"/><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-316f941cf9b8804baa86c44b81117ae7" data-id="316f941cf9b8804baa86c44b81117ae7"><span><div id="316f941cf9b8804baa86c44b81117ae7" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#316f941cf9b8804baa86c44b81117ae7" title="3. 三角形面积公式 (Area Formulas)"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">3. 三角形面积公式 (Area Formulas)</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b880fa9f30d534cd937ca7"><span class="notion-default">记 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 的面积为 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">。根据已知条件的不同，可按以下顺序选择合适的公式：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b8809a80ffd99781e7e2d6"><span class="notion-default"><b>已知底和高 (基础公式)</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b8806f9a49f2ba3fbfe185"><span class="notion-default"><b>已知两边及其夹角</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b880369d73e693bc066da1"><span class="notion-default"><b>已知三边长 (海伦公式 Heron&#x27;s Formula)</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b880d49819c16a0ab9768e"><span class="notion-default"><b>已知三边与外接圆半径 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b8800bb162db3d4076565a"><span class="notion-default"><b>已知三边与内切圆半径 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></div><hr class="notion-hr notion-block-316f941cf9b8806e834efe10d879795f"/><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-316f941cf9b880b68156c24c548a0726" data-id="316f941cf9b880b68156c24c548a0726"><span><div id="316f941cf9b880b68156c24c548a0726" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#316f941cf9b880b68156c24c548a0726" title="4. 常用恒等式与结论"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">4. 常用恒等式与结论</span></span></span></h4><ol start="1" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-316f941cf9b88063932ec02accb12e4c" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>内角和定理</b></span><span class="notion-default">：
</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> （这是三角形角度转换的基础）</span></li></ol><ol start="2" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-316f941cf9b880998260edeec3627440" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>诱导公式应用</b></span><span class="notion-default">：
</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">
</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ol><ol start="3" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-316f941cf9b880fdaf03cc780b3a6478" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>大边对大角</b></span><span class="notion-default">：
</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> （用于判断边角的相对大小与唯一性）</span></li></ol></main></div>]]></content:encoded>
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            <title><![CDATA[【数学】装错信封问题（全错排问题）]]></title>
            <link>https://nowscott.top/article/m01</link>
            <guid>https://nowscott.top/article/m01</guid>
            <pubDate>Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[全错排问题指得是对n个元素进行排列，使得没有任何一个元素停留在其原始位置上。这是一种"完全错配"的排列。]]></description>
            <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="notion-article" class="mx-auto overflow-hidden "><main class="notion light-mode notion-page notion-block-310f941cf9b88020a943de55e05d30b3"><div class="notion-viewport"></div><div class="notion-collection-page-properties"></div><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-310f941cf9b880ac9467c889fadc0033" data-id="310f941cf9b880ac9467c889fadc0033"><span><div id="310f941cf9b880ac9467c889fadc0033" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b880ac9467c889fadc0033" title="装错信封问题（全错排问题）"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">装错信封问题（全错排问题）</span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880969667f4cc94e4baea"><span class="notion-default"><b>核心定义</b></span><span class="notion-default">：
全错排问题指得是对 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 个元素进行排列，使得</span><span class="notion-default"><b>没有任何一个元素</b></span><span class="notion-default">停留在其原始位置上。这是一种&quot;完全错配&quot;的排列。</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8806b9392fc548e0c115e"><span class="notion-default"><b>典型模型</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></div><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880a7956cff124d830f54"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>装错信封问题</b></span><span class="notion-default">：将 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 封不同的信装入 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 个对应的信封，求所有信均装错的方案数。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880138ce0fe87e6c1de98"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>帽子问题</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 个人交换帽子，求无人拿到自己帽子的情况数。</span></li></ul><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8801b88b0ca49b9e2286e"><span class="notion-default">记 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 为 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 个元素的错位排序总数。</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-310f941cf9b88028977df77654818994" data-id="310f941cf9b88028977df77654818994"><span><div id="310f941cf9b88028977df77654818994" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b88028977df77654818994" title="技巧一：基础枚举与规律探索"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">技巧一：基础枚举与规律探索</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8801b959fc6280b986a1c"><span class="notion-default">解决组合问题常从具体情形入手，观察规律：</span></div><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880ec957cfd7c4b43a48c"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>当 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">：仅1个元素，无法错位。</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880c79fdfe3e5180af901"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>当 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">：元素为 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，错位排列仅有 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">。</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b88086aa23e1e86b4e27fe"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>当 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">：元素为 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，错位排列有：</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">。</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b8806dab6bcc9ae182e0fd"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>当 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">：通过系统枚举或树状图分析，可得错位排列数为：</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-310f941cf9b880ea80edcce6504d26d5"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:100%;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column;height:100%"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://www.notion.so/image/attachment%3A52d93964-6a70-4b1a-97da-e4db6ecd1fca%3AD%EF%BC%884%EF%BC%89.png?table=block&amp;id=310f941c-f9b8-80ea-80ed-cce6504d26d5&amp;t=310f941c-f9b8-80ea-80ed-cce6504d26d5" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-310f941cf9b88025b02cfc9f7a7c16b5" data-id="310f941cf9b88025b02cfc9f7a7c16b5"><span><div id="310f941cf9b88025b02cfc9f7a7c16b5" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b88025b02cfc9f7a7c16b5" title="技巧二：递推公式——错位排序的核心关系"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">技巧二：递推公式——错位排序的核心关系</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880c0b4b8d36ae32b722d"><span class="notion-default">错位排序满足以下递推关系：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8803c9992f65f515c086d"><span class="notion-default">其中 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">。</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880de9bb3e674c983bf9e"><span class="notion-default"><b>推导思路</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></div><ol start="1" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b880c38b2eec428de61375" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default">考虑第一个元素 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，它有 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 个位置可选（不归位）。</span></li></ol><ol start="2" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b880baa4d6d956929b0216" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default">假设 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 放入第 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 个位置，则考虑元素 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 的放置：</span></li><ol class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b880baa4d6d956929b0216" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b88050a591cf95f37d800d"><li><span class="notion-default">若 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 放入第1位，剩余 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 个元素构成子问题 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b88065acbac61a35c3f190"><li><span class="notion-default">若 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 不放入第1位，则剩余 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 个元素（包括 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">）需满足错位，即 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">。</span></li></ul></ol></ol><ol start="3" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b880d594f3da9bc04e0b73" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default">由乘法原理与加法原理即得递推式。</span></li></ol><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8802d8ef5c066eae8a3d0"><span class="notion-default"><b>应用示例</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></div><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880d2a2c7cac7db68b7f4"><li><span class="notion-default">已知 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，则</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880719f31ea28f8ebb99b"><li><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b8809dbcbcfee71b0d617f"><li><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880c483e0e7c79974cde6"><li><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-310f941cf9b880a987dafb2bbc8f5c04" data-id="310f941cf9b880a987dafb2bbc8f5c04"><span><div id="310f941cf9b880a987dafb2bbc8f5c04" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b880a987dafb2bbc8f5c04" title="技巧三：通项公式与自然常数  的关联"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">技巧三：通项公式与自然常数 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 的关联</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880f29041f42511fb4a69"><span class="notion-default">以4人看电影选座位为例，探索为何错位排列通项公式成立：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880c9a692ebf98e786aac"><span class="notion-default"><b>原问题</b></span><span class="notion-default">：4个人看电影，每张电影票有对应位置，求所有人都不坐自己座位的情况数。</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880519586f53c188100a6"><span class="notion-default"><b>对立问题</b></span><span class="notion-default">：至少有一个人坐对自己座位。</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880e29cd2c8f9729f3d0c"><span class="notion-default">设 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 为第 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 个人坐对位置的事件集合（</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">），需求解 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">。</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b88001b54cdf2dd2567d5c"><span class="notion-default">根据容斥原理：</span></div><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b8805f8262f1c28811ac10"><li><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880f0856afcc27cc09e85"><li><span class="notion-default">对于三个集合：</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-310f941cf9b880c3985cfd6e94392d28"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:288px;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://www.notion.so/image/attachment%3Abe7d2e1e-27e6-45f6-b89c-9d9045328bf5%3A%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%AA%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88.png?table=block&amp;id=310f941c-f9b8-80c3-985c-fd6e94392d28&amp;t=310f941c-f9b8-80c3-985c-fd6e94392d28" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880d5b863d5f5d6b9fed9"><span class="notion-default"><b>4人情况计算</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></div><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880a28975c72eb91e1f42"><li><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880dfab36c98b4b18ded5"><li><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b8801eac18dbc4b0a3f7b0"><li><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b8800ea3cbca780e677d18"><li><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880139430e8f81117625d"><span class="notion-default">代入容斥公式：
</span><span class="notion-default"></span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880a4ad54e22b4f81b73b"><span class="notion-default"><b>错位排列数</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span><span class="notion-default"></span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880089a1fc2ea82997b54"><span class="notion-default"><b>推广到 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"><b> 项</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b88007823bff4111e58457"><span class="notion-default">对于 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 个人的情况，设 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 表示第 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 个人坐对自己座位的事件。</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880859ef2c1c6270624bb"><span class="notion-default">根据容斥原理：
</span><span class="notion-default"></span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8804d9617f9d619881638"><span class="notion-default">对于固定的 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 个人坐对座位，其余 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 个人可以任意排列：</span></div><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880b489dbd1dd997d2414"><li><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b8800fa32ff51e395a411b"><li><span class="notion-default">这样的 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 元组有 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 个</span></li></ul><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880c7a5ede94ae510a3f4"><span class="notion-default">因此：
</span><span class="notion-default"></span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8802d8e42e50034b10022"><span class="notion-default"><b>错位排列数</b></span><span class="notion-default">：
</span><span class="notion-default"></span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880668662d2ee43b170d0"><span class="notion-default">调整求和符号：
</span><span class="notion-default"></span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880bc9462ce27198d15bc"><span class="notion-default"><b>通项公式</b></span><span class="notion-default">：
</span><span class="notion-default"></span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880799d30f002bd4f056e"><span class="notion-default"><b>与自然常数 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"><b> 的关联</b></span><span class="notion-default">：由 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 的泰勒展开式，令 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，有：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880e6b9f1e8bf6f27f33f"><span class="notion-default">因此，</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 是 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 的泰勒展开的前 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 项部分和。当 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 较大时，</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8803fb20cded0de1d453c"><span class="notion-default">这意味着，当 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 足够大时，所有元素均错位的概率约为 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，且该概率与 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 无关。</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8802fa0b1e6c63559761a"><span class="notion-default"><b>重要结论</b></span><span class="notion-default">：错位排列数 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 实际上是 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 的最接近整数。即：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880c2bdc4e6b75c1b69e8"><span class="notion-default">其中 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 表示四舍五入取整。这一结论成立的原因是：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880d69061c528ae7731ce"><span class="notion-default">因此，</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 是 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 的唯一最接近整数。这一性质使得计算 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 时可以直接通过 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 四舍五入得到。</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-310f941cf9b88044b24efd9e3a3668e1" data-id="310f941cf9b88044b24efd9e3a3668e1"><span><div id="310f941cf9b88044b24efd9e3a3668e1" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b88044b24efd9e3a3668e1" title="技巧四：常见结论与变形"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">技巧四：常见结论与变形</span></span></span></h4><ol start="1" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b8807e801fc99e5ba26155" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>递推关系</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></li><ol class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b8807e801fc99e5ba26155" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b88042baf3d361fd0d48d4"><li><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，其中 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880bfb291df22cbf657df"><li><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul></ol></ol><ol start="2" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b880749ae3d2efd8875a3d" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>模运算性质</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li><ol class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b880749ae3d2efd8875a3d" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880489a54ccd8adec553b"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>模运算解释</b></span><span class="notion-default">：此性质指 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 除以 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 所得的余数等于 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 除以 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 的余数。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880ada284e1a5ada15f91"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>含义</b></span><span class="notion-default">：当 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 为偶数时，</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">（即 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 除以 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 余 1）；当 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 为奇数时，</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">（即 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 除以 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 余 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">）。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880c7974bc1c796c3cb8e"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>示例</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">, </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">, 而 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">, </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，余数相同，故 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">。</span></li></ul></ol></ol><ol start="3" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b880cfa13dcd6249ba187e" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>近似计算</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">（即 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 四舍五入到最接近的整数）。</span></li></ol><ol start="4" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b8805f96cbe2827966bdc0" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>部分错位排列</b></span><span class="notion-default">：若要求恰好有 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 个元素在原来的位置上（归位），其余 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 个元素均不在原位上，则方案数为 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">。</span></li></ol><ol start="5" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b880a685e5fc6dfb247648" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>渐近行为</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ol><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-310f941cf9b880fe90e4ce19ed97daa6" data-id="310f941cf9b880fe90e4ce19ed97daa6"><span><div id="310f941cf9b880fe90e4ce19ed97daa6" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b880fe90e4ce19ed97daa6" title="本讲总结"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">本讲总结</span></span></span></h4><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b88054b510f5d70123b5e4"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>错位排序数</b></span><span class="notion-default"> </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 的递推公式与通项公式是核心工具。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880ee8dbbcf2f48de6cb3"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>关键比値</b></span><span class="notion-default"> </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 揭示了&quot;大数规律&quot;。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880058c75c0362db810e5"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>应用题型</b></span><span class="notion-default">包括完全错位、部分错位及概率计算。</span></li></ul><h3 class="notion-h notion-h2 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-310f941cf9b8800f8b80f32ddb4bb53d" data-id="310f941cf9b8800f8b80f32ddb4bb53d"><span><div id="310f941cf9b8800f8b80f32ddb4bb53d" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b8800f8b80f32ddb4bb53d" title="错位排序专项训练题"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">错位排序专项训练题</span></span></span></h3><ol start="1" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b8802088a1f7074facfc16" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default">5个人将帽子混在一起后随机分发，恰无人拿到自己帽子的概率为多少？</span></li></ol><ol start="2" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b88003ac07f7647f4b52ff" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default">将4封不同的信随机装入4个对应的信封，求恰有2封信装对的概率。</span></li></ol><ol start="3" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b880dca11eee04c3d579f0" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default">5个人参加抽奖活动，每人有1个对应的奖品，求至少有1人抽中自己奖品的概率。</span></li></ol><ol start="4" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b8808c9b8dfa5de25e4a5c" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default">（广州调研题改编）：6个学生检查6个班级（每人原本对应一个班），求恰好2人检查自己班的概率。</span></li></ol><ol start="5" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b88070b91ec2f09becbb9f" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default">将编号为1､2､3､4､5､6的六个小球放入编号为1､2､3､4､5､6的六个盒子里，每个盒子放一个小球，若有且只有三个盒子的编号与放入的小球编号相同，则不同的方法总数为？</span></li></ol><ol start="6" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b880cab278df431387dcdf" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default">8个学生随机坐8个座位（每人有对应座位），求恰好3人坐在自己座位上的概率。</span></li></ol><ol start="7" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b88090afb4f16f928ae1f6" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default">某班级有6名学生，期末考试后老师将试卷随机发回，求：
(1) 没有人拿到自己试卷的概率
(2) 恰好有2人拿到自己试卷的概率
(3) 至少有1人拿到自己试卷的概率
</span></li></ol><div class="notion-blank notion-block-310f941cf9b88061b901cac32cf85162"> </div></main></div>]]></content:encoded>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[【数学】导数公式与法则速查指南]]></title>
            <link>https://nowscott.top/article/ds01</link>
            <guid>https://nowscott.top/article/ds01</guid>
            <pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[高中阶段必须熟记以下基础函数的求导公式，这是解答所有导数大题的基石。]]></description>
            <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="notion-article" class="mx-auto overflow-hidden "><main class="notion light-mode notion-page notion-block-316f941cf9b880079ffdc6785b44dd98"><div class="notion-viewport"></div><div class="notion-collection-page-properties"></div><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-316f941cf9b88061bbb5d044b931e1dd" data-id="316f941cf9b88061bbb5d044b931e1dd"><span><div id="316f941cf9b88061bbb5d044b931e1dd" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#316f941cf9b88061bbb5d044b931e1dd" title="高中数学导数公式与法则速查指南"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">高中数学导数公式与法则速查指南</span></span></span></h2><h3 class="notion-h notion-h2 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-316f941cf9b880e9aff9fa0462c90619" data-id="316f941cf9b880e9aff9fa0462c90619"><span><div id="316f941cf9b880e9aff9fa0462c90619" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#316f941cf9b880e9aff9fa0462c90619" title="一、 基本初等函数求导公式"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">一、 基本初等函数求导公式</span></span></span></h3><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b880828694c0957eec9ac7"><span class="notion-default">高中阶段必须熟记以下基础函数的求导公式，这是解答所有导数大题的基石。</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-316f941cf9b88041ae8ef3ce441f04e2" data-id="316f941cf9b88041ae8ef3ce441f04e2"><span><div id="316f941cf9b88041ae8ef3ce441f04e2" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#316f941cf9b88041ae8ef3ce441f04e2" title="1. 常数与幂函数"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">1. 常数与幂函数</span></span></span></h4><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-316f941cf9b880c680b8cb8b47ad355a"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>常数函数</b></span><span class="notion-default">：任何常数的导数永远为零。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-316f941cf9b8801ebbbfe077e1509492"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>幂函数</b></span><span class="notion-default">：指数作为系数提到前面，原指数减一。</span></li></ul><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b880bb8fc1d41d62c6eaa8"><span class="notion-default"><b>口诀：</b></span><span class="notion-default"> 指数提前作系数，原指数减一变新幂。</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b8803f91a7dac276f77097"><span class="notion-default"><b>高考高频特例</b></span><span class="notion-default">（建议直接秒出结果，不用现推）：</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-316f941cf9b88028bf1dd3b53bfa83a6" data-id="316f941cf9b88028bf1dd3b53bfa83a6"><span><div id="316f941cf9b88028bf1dd3b53bfa83a6" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#316f941cf9b88028bf1dd3b53bfa83a6" title="2. 指数与对数函数"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">2. 指数与对数函数</span></span></span></h4><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-316f941cf9b880228155cef70b9bcc71"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>指数函数</b></span><span class="notion-default">：底数不是 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 时，求导后要乘以底数的自然对数。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-316f941cf9b88085b473c6aadeac08ca"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>对数函数</b></span><span class="notion-default">：底数不是 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 时，分母要乘以底数的自然对数。</span></li></ul><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-316f941cf9b880ae8d73f756997cc6d9" data-id="316f941cf9b880ae8d73f756997cc6d9"><span><div id="316f941cf9b880ae8d73f756997cc6d9" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#316f941cf9b880ae8d73f756997cc6d9" title="3. 三角函数"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">3. 三角函数</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b880b1a2f7e20b81e85448"><span class="notion-default">高中阶段主要掌握正弦和余弦的求导即可。</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b880588bf3fa231c7bcf42"><span class="notion-default"><b>口诀：</b></span><span class="notion-default"> 正变余，余变正，带“余”求导添负号。</span></div><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-316f941cf9b88097abe5d4f2cbcf5d24"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>正弦与余弦</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></li></ul><h3 class="notion-h notion-h2 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-316f941cf9b880eaa9e3d5cb66de0518" data-id="316f941cf9b880eaa9e3d5cb66de0518"><span><div id="316f941cf9b880eaa9e3d5cb66de0518" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#316f941cf9b880eaa9e3d5cb66de0518" title="二、 导数的四则运算法则"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">二、 导数的四则运算法则</span></span></span></h3><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b8809abfc9c96c33e67a4a"><span class="notion-default">目标函数往往是基础函数的组合，需要熟练运用以下三大法则。</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-316f941cf9b8809982c6f02dbbc16c96" data-id="316f941cf9b8809982c6f02dbbc16c96"><span><div id="316f941cf9b8809982c6f02dbbc16c96" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#316f941cf9b8809982c6f02dbbc16c96" title="1. 加减法则（线性性质）"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">1. 加减法则（线性性质）</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b880c18062fe4b2718c88e"><span class="notion-default">两个函数的和或差的导数，等于它们各自导数的和或差。</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-316f941cf9b8805f9656c6422b7058a5" data-id="316f941cf9b8805f9656c6422b7058a5"><span><div id="316f941cf9b8805f9656c6422b7058a5" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#316f941cf9b8805f9656c6422b7058a5" title="2. 乘法法则"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">2. 乘法法则</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b88049b6a4dbbdf0fdb1a5"><span class="notion-default"><b>口诀：</b></span><span class="notion-default"> 前导后不导，加上，前不导后导。</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b880d5ac87fab7f08d0291"><span class="notion-default"><b>提示</b></span><span class="notion-default">：当常数 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 与函数相乘时，常数可以直接提取到导数符号外面。</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-316f941cf9b88001b6a0e9c41ee5b909" data-id="316f941cf9b88001b6a0e9c41ee5b909"><span><div id="316f941cf9b88001b6a0e9c41ee5b909" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#316f941cf9b88001b6a0e9c41ee5b909" title="3. 除法法则"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">3. 除法法则</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b8806b8a57c3ed1a936b90"><span class="notion-default"><b>口诀：</b></span><span class="notion-default"> 子导母不导，减去，子不导母导，分母平方莫忘了。（注意分子中间严格是</span><span class="notion-default"><b>减号</b></span><span class="notion-default">）</span></div><h3 class="notion-h notion-h2 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-316f941cf9b8804082b6c949cd402934" data-id="316f941cf9b8804082b6c949cd402934"><span><div id="316f941cf9b8804082b6c949cd402934" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#316f941cf9b8804082b6c949cd402934" title="三、 复合函数求导法则"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">三、 复合函数求导法则</span></span></span></h3><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b88095a9fdf16794f21e5c"><span class="notion-default">很多同学在高考中漏掉系数，往往是因为忘记了复合函数求导法则。</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b8807bb3c4d8434960790e"><span class="notion-default"><b>口诀：</b></span><span class="notion-default"> 剥洋葱法——由外及里，层层求导，导数相乘。</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b8802c9321f7c8d3fa4b1d"><span class="notion-default">若 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 且 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 都可导，则复合函数 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 的导数为：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b880dc86fef846fcc7ee4e"><span class="notion-default"><b>典型易错示例</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></div><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-316f941cf9b880de8506fc9ab51b95c7"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>错误</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-316f941cf9b8802daf08d95c8a776cdd"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>正确</b></span><span class="notion-default">：求导时要把 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 看作内层函数，导数应为 </span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><h3 class="notion-h notion-h2 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-316f941cf9b88040897ae1a3345ff164" data-id="316f941cf9b88040897ae1a3345ff164"><span><div id="316f941cf9b88040897ae1a3345ff164" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#316f941cf9b88040897ae1a3345ff164" title="四、 高考核心：常见二级结论与函数构造"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">四、 高考核心：常见二级结论与函数构造</span></span></span></h3><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b880f9a2afe63ac3e370bd"><span class="notion-default">在解答高考导数压轴题（如证明单调性、极值、零点个数）时，以下结论极其常见。熟记它们有助于快速识别</span><span class="notion-default"><b>同构特征</b></span><span class="notion-default">或</span><span class="notion-default"><b>构造辅助函数</b></span><span class="notion-default">。</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-316f941cf9b880648d81cf9570e75f7c" data-id="316f941cf9b880648d81cf9570e75f7c"><span><div id="316f941cf9b880648d81cf9570e75f7c" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#316f941cf9b880648d81cf9570e75f7c" title="1. 包含  的常见求导模型（“同构”常客）"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">1. 包含 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 的常见求导模型（“同构”常客）</span></span></span></h4><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-316f941cf9b880169a64c93bd71b128a"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>乘积型</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></li></ul><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b8808dbf07f0c924c2e6e5"><span class="notion-default"><b>口诀：</b></span><span class="notion-default"> 指数提公因，原函数加导数。</span></div><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-316f941cf9b880bc818be878ea4b6d05"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>商型</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></li></ul><div class="notion-text notion-block-316f941cf9b8808eac83d8bf5077b869"><span class="notion-default"><b>口诀：</b></span><span class="notion-default"> 指数在下母平方，上导减上原函数。</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-316f941cf9b8808b952afa21aaf9f0b5" data-id="316f941cf9b8808b952afa21aaf9f0b5"><span><div id="316f941cf9b8808b952afa21aaf9f0b5" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#316f941cf9b8808b952afa21aaf9f0b5" title="2. 包含  的常见求导模型"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">2. 包含 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 的常见求导模型</span></span></span></h4><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-316f941cf9b8804ea167c1c0a7f20e2a"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>乘积型</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-316f941cf9b8806eac9efb4a93e7abfb"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>商型</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></li></ul><div class="notion-blank notion-block-316f941cf9b8805dab9af7a5c387b517"> </div></main></div>]]></content:encoded>
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            <title><![CDATA[【数学】容斥原理：从计数技巧到数学艺术]]></title>
            <link>https://nowscott.top/article/m00</link>
            <guid>https://nowscott.top/article/m00</guid>
            <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[容斥原理（Inclusion-Exclusion Principle）是组合数学中的核心计数方法，其核心思想是通过"先包含后排除"的方式，精准计算多个集合的并集大小，避免重复或遗漏计数。]]></description>
            <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="notion-article" class="mx-auto overflow-hidden "><main class="notion light-mode notion-page notion-block-310f941cf9b880c1a6c5f3e765ec9993"><div class="notion-viewport"></div><div class="notion-collection-page-properties"></div><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-310f941cf9b880cc990ae2b68ae74bfc" data-id="310f941cf9b880cc990ae2b68ae74bfc"><span><div id="310f941cf9b880cc990ae2b68ae74bfc" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b880cc990ae2b68ae74bfc" title="容斥原理：从计数技巧到数学艺术"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">容斥原理：从计数技巧到数学艺术</span></span></span></h2><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b88088ac5ac7700c0cf35e"><span class="notion-default">容斥原理（Inclusion-Exclusion Principle）是组合数学中的核心计数方法，其核心思想是通过&quot;先包含后排除&quot;的方式，精准计算多个集合的并集大小，避免重复或遗漏计数。本文将系统介绍其基本形式、推广公式、证明方法、应用场景及经典例题。</span></div><h3 class="notion-h notion-h2 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-310f941cf9b88085a514c896d2d2b0e9" data-id="310f941cf9b88085a514c896d2d2b0e9"><span><div id="310f941cf9b88085a514c896d2d2b0e9" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b88085a514c896d2d2b0e9" title="📊 一、基本概念与公式"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">📊 一、基本概念与公式</span></span></span></h3><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-310f941cf9b8801bba29cb56f3cec3e3" data-id="310f941cf9b8801bba29cb56f3cec3e3"><span><div id="310f941cf9b8801bba29cb56f3cec3e3" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b8801bba29cb56f3cec3e3" title="0. 相关概念的介绍"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">0. 相关概念的介绍</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8807cb483c7f839b89820"><span class="notion-default">在学习这部分内容之前，首先来介绍一下如下部分的相关符号是什么含义，对于包含有限个元素的集合</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，我们使用</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">来表示集合</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">中元素的个数，这里的</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">并非是「卡片」的含义，而是</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">的缩写。</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880519658d27477d5c87f"><span class="notion-default">而在本文中，我们会使用</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">来表示</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">。</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-310f941cf9b88046aa5ae589d1507d44" data-id="310f941cf9b88046aa5ae589d1507d44"><span><div id="310f941cf9b88046aa5ae589d1507d44" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b88046aa5ae589d1507d44" title="1. 两个集合的容斥原理"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">1. 两个集合的容斥原理</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880ffb298f4b3360e4fbd"><span class="notion-default">对于集合 A 和 B，其并集大小的计算公式为：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880fba013fdf3d2e8aee3"><span class="notion-default"><b>直观解释</b></span><span class="notion-default">：直接相加 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 会将交集部分重复计算一次，因此需减去 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">。</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b88062977ee98612bbb579"><span class="notion-default"><b>示例</b></span><span class="notion-default">：某班数学满分15人，语文满分12人，两科均满分4人，则至少一科满分的人数为：</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-310f941cf9b8802a83d7ee22e5309e89" data-id="310f941cf9b8802a83d7ee22e5309e89"><span><div id="310f941cf9b8802a83d7ee22e5309e89" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b8802a83d7ee22e5309e89" title="2. 三个集合的容斥原理"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">2. 三个集合的容斥原理</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880688f3dc18e0d240ed5"><span class="notion-default">对于集合 A、B、C，公式为：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880aab91fd8301adf82f4"><span class="notion-default"><b>原理</b></span><span class="notion-default">：减去两两交集时重复扣除了三个集合的交集，因此需加回。</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880e3ad1cd5d1dbc015dc"><span class="notion-default"><b>示例</b></span><span class="notion-default">：会篮球的15人、羽毛球17人、网球12人，同时会篮球和羽毛球11人、羽毛球和网球7人、篮球和网球9人，三项都会的设为 x。已知至少会一项的有22人，则：</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-310f941cf9b880738741d9040a564350" data-id="310f941cf9b880738741d9040a564350"><span><div id="310f941cf9b880738741d9040a564350" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b880738741d9040a564350" title="3. n个集合的推广公式"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">3. n个集合的推广公式</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b88055bfecd9cf5d003042"><span class="notion-default"><b>记忆口诀</b></span><span class="notion-default">：&quot;奇加偶减&quot;——奇数个集合的交集加，偶数个的交集减。</span></div><h3 class="notion-h notion-h2 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-310f941cf9b880f0a663f4597d47f806" data-id="310f941cf9b880f0a663f4597d47f806"><span><div id="310f941cf9b880f0a663f4597d47f806" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b880f0a663f4597d47f806" title="🧠 二、原理证明"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">🧠 二、原理证明</span></span></span></h3><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-310f941cf9b8806ca2a5d79bfcdf7168" data-id="310f941cf9b8806ca2a5d79bfcdf7168"><span><div id="310f941cf9b8806ca2a5d79bfcdf7168" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b8806ca2a5d79bfcdf7168" title="1. 容斥原理的证明（元素计数法）"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">1. 容斥原理的证明（元素计数法）</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880de97fecae07d4afa08"><span class="notion-default">容斥原理是用于计算多个集合的并集大小的方法。它的核心思想是：先加上所有集合的大小，再减去重复计算的部分（即交集），然后加回多减的部分，以此类推。下面我们用&quot;元素计数&quot;的方法来证明它，即证明每个元素在公式两边都被计算了相同的次数。</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-310f941cf9b880c0a964ebacc246f340" data-id="310f941cf9b880c0a964ebacc246f340"><span><div id="310f941cf9b880c0a964ebacc246f340" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b880c0a964ebacc246f340" title="1.1 两个集合的情况"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">1.1 两个集合的情况</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b88017b842c868958dd8cc"><span class="notion-default">对于两个集合 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 和 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，容斥原理公式为：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880ce85e0c0074f8f35db"><span class="notion-default"><b>证明思路：</b></span><span class="notion-default">
考虑任意一个元素 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，它可能属于 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">、</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，或者都不属于。我们检查 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 在等式左右两边被计算的次数：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8809b99dacccfa532d809"><span class="notion-default"><b>如果 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"><b> 不在 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"><b> 也不在 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"><b>：</b></span></div><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880f48bc0daeb148e904e"><li><span class="notion-default">左边：</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 中不计入 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">（计数 0 次）。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b8803ca41edd94beae6d5d"><li><span class="notion-default">右边：</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 和 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 都不计入 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 也不计入（计数 0 次）。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b88034842ff3c9e43055cf"><li><span class="notion-default">两边相等。</span></li></ul><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b88056b605d374e1dde502"><span class="notion-default"><b>如果 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"><b> 只在 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"><b> 中（不在 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"><b>）：</b></span></div><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b88078ae4dcb870651a8f6"><li><span class="notion-default">左边：</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 计入 1 次。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880cd9125dc4c59b7fbfd"><li><span class="notion-default">右边：</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 计入 1 次，</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 计入 0 次，</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 计入 0 次（因为 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 不在交集中）。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880998450efae6f08a993"><li><span class="notion-default">右边总计：</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 次。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b8809e8a5ff2d96b6d5656"><li><span class="notion-default">两边相等。</span></li></ul><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8806c98cef61a555eb746"><span class="notion-default"><b>如果 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"><b> 只在 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"><b> 中（不在 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"><b>）：</b></span></div><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b8800f88a6da0c004d6aad"><li><span class="notion-default">类似地，左边计数 1 次，右边计数 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 次。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880ec9b02e9319ff620be"><li><span class="notion-default">两边相等。</span></li></ul><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b88013bf06c5cc8787ef3a"><span class="notion-default"><b>如果 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"><b> 同时在 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"><b> 和 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"><b> 中：</b></span></div><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880b69c86da7b9cdce672"><li><span class="notion-default">左边：</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 只计入 1 次（并集不重复计算）。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880debac7dcbda8568991"><li><span class="notion-default">右边：</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 计入 1 次，</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 计入 1 次，但 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 也计入 1 次（因为 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 在交集中）。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880db99f1fc60b2e684b3"><li><span class="notion-default">右边总计：</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 次。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880ad95a2fe0aef3340c8"><li><span class="notion-default">两边相等。</span></li></ul><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880dd895effd78249047c"><span class="notion-default"><b>结论：</b></span><span class="notion-default"> 无论 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 属于哪种情况，它在等式两边都被计算了相同的次数。因此，整个并集的大小也相等。</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-310f941cf9b880c982ddd2ebb124ec90" data-id="310f941cf9b880c982ddd2ebb124ec90"><span><div id="310f941cf9b880c982ddd2ebb124ec90" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b880c982ddd2ebb124ec90" title="1.2 三个集合的情况"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">1.2 三个集合的情况</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8800fbe56cacd0f8643a9"><span class="notion-default">对于三个集合 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">、</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">、</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，容斥原理公式为：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b88053aa4fe62f05818d0d"><span class="notion-default"><b>证明思路：</b></span><span class="notion-default">
同样考虑任意元素 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，分析它属于哪些集合：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880e68622dd3ee75c7482"><span class="notion-default"><b>如果 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"><b> 不属于任何集合：</b></span></div><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880fbafe0e24f28a29c89"><li><span class="notion-default">左边计数 0 次，右边所有项都不计入 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">（计数 0 次）。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b8804ea2fadb6fdcd54fc7"><li><span class="notion-default">两边相等。</span></li></ul><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b88021adf5e600565c4d75"><span class="notion-default"><b>如果 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"><b> 只属于一个集合（例如只属于 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"><b>）：</b></span></div><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b8804983b7d2dc2a03e8ff"><li><span class="notion-default">左边计数 1 次。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880b0950ceaeade87a322"><li><span class="notion-default">右边：只有 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 计入 1 次，其他项（交集）都不计入 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b8803f98b1e71a987da4a0"><li><span class="notion-default">右边总计：</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 次。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880d7a95ff282d31b9b71"><li><span class="notion-default">两边相等。</span></li></ul><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8807d8609f3ff79bb6ed6"><span class="notion-default"><b>如果 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"><b> 属于两个集合（例如属于 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"><b> 和 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"><b>，但不属于 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"><b>）：</b></span></div><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880188e76c66959a91adb"><li><span class="notion-default">左边计数 1 次。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b88010b375f842509d6052"><li><span class="notion-default">右边：</span></li><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b88010b375f842509d6052"><li><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 和 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 各计入 1 次（共 2 次），</span></li><li><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 计入 1 次（因为 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 在此交集中），</span></li><li><span class="notion-default">其他交集（如 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">）不计入。</span></li></ul></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b88096b616fbf966ad4c09"><li><span class="notion-default">右边总计：</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 次。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b8806c8b1bd6e8cb5588cc"><li><span class="notion-default">两边相等。</span></li></ul><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880f3ab31c1099bbc6be2"><span class="notion-default"><b>如果 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"><b> 属于所有三个集合：</b></span></div><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880d797f3e2ee33f8d4fb"><li><span class="notion-default">左边计数 1 次。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880b49b55cce471172201"><li><span class="notion-default">右边：</span></li><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880b49b55cce471172201"><li><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">、</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">、</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 各计入 1 次（共 3 次），</span></li><li><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">、</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">、</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 各计入 1 次（共 3 次），</span></li><li><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 计入 1 次。</span></li></ul></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b8808b954ceae2931257ed"><li><span class="notion-default">右边总计：</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 次。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880fe84eecb7ebd0a0094"><li><span class="notion-default">两边相等。</span></li></ul><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b88079ae8fca3198c143d4"><span class="notion-default"><b>结论：</b></span><span class="notion-default"> 对于三个集合，每个元素在两边也被计算了相同的次数。</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-310f941cf9b8806c92f3e27a74ea52c9" data-id="310f941cf9b8806c92f3e27a74ea52c9"><span><div id="310f941cf9b8806c92f3e27a74ea52c9" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b8806c92f3e27a74ea52c9" title="1.3 推广到 n 个集合"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">1.3 推广到 n 个集合</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880318cbfd3ec2e27ba72"><span class="notion-default">对于 n 个集合 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，容斥原理公式为：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8804a9445e9752493d998"><span class="notion-default"><b>证明思路：</b></span><span class="notion-default">
设任意元素 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 恰好属于 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 个集合（</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 可以是 0 到 n）。</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b88009ac60d8bf57d2322e"><span class="notion-default"><b>在左边：</b></span><span class="notion-default"> 如果 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，则 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 被计算 1 次（因为并集不重复）；如果 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，则计算 0 次。</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880de8b8cef18b4deaad8"><span class="notion-default"><b>在右边：</b></span></div><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880c09886cda47ccce54d"><li><span class="notion-default">第一项（单个集合）：</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 被计算 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 次（因为它属于 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 个集合）。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880ca979ecf9afabe8d84"><li><span class="notion-default">第二项（两两交集）：</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 被计算 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 次（</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 表示从 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 个集合中选出 2 个的组合数，即 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 属于多少个两两交集）。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b88035b565f60fb6cbe877"><li><span class="notion-default">第三项（三三交集）：</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 被计算 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 次（从 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 个集合中选出 3 个的组合数）。</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880e391c6cc51a1aeb6cc"><li><span class="notion-default">以此类推，直到最后一项。</span></li></ul><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8807fb601f9e5f29f170a"><span class="notion-default">因此，右边对 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 的总计算次数为：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880469803db0a1c43bc39"><span class="notion-default">我们可以证明这个和等于 1（当 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 时）：
考虑二项式展开 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，即：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880a39e0dd4dd88e73380"><span class="notion-default">移项得：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8804fb2a1e34092d5f9f1"><span class="notion-default">所以：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880a4b2e2d53419fc304a"><span class="notion-default">两边同时乘以 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880f1ad82c9f96c4b9ab6"><span class="notion-default">因此，右边对 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 的净计数为：</span></div><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880c59733c77da5011ccb"><li><span class="notion-default">如果 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，则为 1 次；</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880c6a21fd4bb766e7800"><li><span class="notion-default">如果 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，则为 0 次。</span></li></ul><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880f3adacc32991e5bf01"><span class="notion-default">这与左边完全一致。</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880fdb73bf4f39c15fedd"><span class="notion-default"><b>最终结论：</b></span><span class="notion-default"> 每个元素在容斥原理公式的两边都被计算了相同的次数，因此整个公式成立。</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-310f941cf9b880ea8f27ef5812758c3d" data-id="310f941cf9b880ea8f27ef5812758c3d"><span><div id="310f941cf9b880ea8f27ef5812758c3d" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b880ea8f27ef5812758c3d" title="2. 容斥原理的数学归纳法证明"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">2. 容斥原理的数学归纳法证明</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880f6b007e0f78445d352"><span class="notion-default">数学归纳法是证明数学命题的常用方法，特别适用于证明与自然数 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 相关的命题。下面我们用数学归纳法来证明容斥原理。</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-310f941cf9b88095bdabca7c5bbcb24b" data-id="310f941cf9b88095bdabca7c5bbcb24b"><span><div id="310f941cf9b88095bdabca7c5bbcb24b" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b88095bdabca7c5bbcb24b" title="2.1 基础情况（n=2）"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">2.1 基础情况（n=2）</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8801e929bcfa2e06da650"><span class="notion-default">当 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 时，容斥原理为：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b88061b601f76ffd5b52d6"><span class="notion-default">这个公式是已知成立的（前面已经证明过），作为归纳法的基础。</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-310f941cf9b880bfb511f916f44bfb10" data-id="310f941cf9b880bfb511f916f44bfb10"><span><div id="310f941cf9b880bfb511f916f44bfb10" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b880bfb511f916f44bfb10" title="2.2 归纳假设"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">2.2 归纳假设</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8800797ccf64b4e723802"><span class="notion-default">假设对于 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 个集合，容斥原理成立，即：</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-310f941cf9b8802f9d5beb3fc3eb9980" data-id="310f941cf9b8802f9d5beb3fc3eb9980"><span><div id="310f941cf9b8802f9d5beb3fc3eb9980" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b8802f9d5beb3fc3eb9980" title="2.3 归纳步骤（证明 n=k+1 时成立）"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">2.3 归纳步骤（证明 n=k+1 时成立）</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8808d82d7e1da652cbd52"><span class="notion-default">现在考虑 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 个集合 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">。</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880b29f9dc4b2f76cd126"><span class="notion-default">令 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，则：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b88029abeadb06b77222b9"><span class="notion-default">根据基础情况（n=2）：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880889d88d00f9f5a9e71"><span class="notion-default">现在分别分析这三项：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880dbb366d2b78d1f9f7c"><span class="notion-default"><b>第一项：</b></span><span class="notion-default"></span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880bfa68aec0ac789957d"><span class="notion-default">根据归纳假设，这等于：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b88051abe1c985aee147a7"><span class="notion-default"><b>第二项：</b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">
就是第 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 个集合的大小。</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b88092942feef37c6b066d"><span class="notion-default"><b>第三项：</b></span><span class="notion-default"></span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b88074bc89e88e1853a175"><span class="notion-default">令 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">（其中 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">），则：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b88038b806db421cf0f8b1"><span class="notion-default">根据归纳假设（对 k 个集合 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">）：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880da82a2e3ae8f45f1f7"><span class="notion-default">注意到：</span></div><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b88083953ee9e60ed641c9"><li><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880fe9f32fcbb0e431eff"><li><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b8800799bfc44db95d225e"><li><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b8800b94b9feaa9b49847e"><li><span class="notion-default">以此类推，直到 </span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880d98086f40def3cba54"><span class="notion-default">因此：</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-310f941cf9b8804eb123dcefc641b354" data-id="310f941cf9b8804eb123dcefc641b354"><span><div id="310f941cf9b8804eb123dcefc641b354" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b8804eb123dcefc641b354" title="2.4 合并各项"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">2.4 合并各项</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b88081aeb4fe8ee20b54f1"><span class="notion-default">现在将三部分合并：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8801fbd7af01364995807"><span class="notion-default">代入各项表达式：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8801599b1ebbc0fc9f1df"><span class="notion-default"><b>来自 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"><b> 的项：</b></span></div><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880c48e6fe38aa7db550c"><li><span class="notion-default">单个集合：</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880558b6cd70379b8c902"><li><span class="notion-default">两两交集：</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b8803b931bd660704c9938"><li><span class="notion-default">三三交集：</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b88094a2a7e7c3a488b433"><li><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b8807c9052dd2acd7f6fb3"><li><span class="notion-default">最后：</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b88029b7e0fa5c6f2dedaa"><span class="notion-default"><b>来自 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"><b> 的项：</b></span></div><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880cfba7cd2ae3a776251"><li><span class="notion-default">单个集合：</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880479d86c9a753e47206"><span class="notion-default"><b>来自 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"><b> 的项：</b></span></div><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880228062f01da8196bff"><li><span class="notion-default">单个交集：</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b8808886c0db7a5572f249"><li><span class="notion-default">两两交集：</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880fea337f7e9844bad8f"><li><span class="notion-default">三三交集：</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b88012a956d01bf63c292b"><li><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880e3940cc92c9c8d9d57"><li><span class="notion-default">最后：</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880e58096fe8d4da2c6ca"><span class="notion-default">将所有同类项合并：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880b59f05d42e13b1519b"><span class="notion-default"><b>单个集合项</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8808c8f8bea108b71da52"><span class="notion-default"><b>两两交集项</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8805f81d7f1a67336ddf7"><span class="notion-default"><b>三三交集项</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880faa808eddb0e6e0792"><span class="notion-default"><b>最后一项</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880ac9d10f6fd72146af9"><span class="notion-default">这正是 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 时的容斥原理公式！</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-310f941cf9b880b084fee6dc60259bdc" data-id="310f941cf9b880b084fee6dc60259bdc"><span><div id="310f941cf9b880b084fee6dc60259bdc" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b880b084fee6dc60259bdc" title="2.5 结论"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">2.5 结论</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880899b43d9d7beb3b849"><span class="notion-default">由数学归纳法原理，容斥原理对所有自然数 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 都成立。</span></div><h3 class="notion-h notion-h2 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-310f941cf9b8804bb2a2ee08d1be33d3" data-id="310f941cf9b8804bb2a2ee08d1be33d3"><span><div id="310f941cf9b8804bb2a2ee08d1be33d3" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b8804bb2a2ee08d1be33d3" title="🧮 三、应用场景"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">🧮 三、应用场景</span></span></span></h3><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-310f941cf9b8804c8b0cc18844beb329" data-id="310f941cf9b8804c8b0cc18844beb329"><span><div id="310f941cf9b8804c8b0cc18844beb329" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b8804c8b0cc18844beb329" title="1. 错位排列（Derangement）的证明"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">1. 错位排列（Derangement）的证明</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880a49ef4eb9d81631b5a"><span class="notion-default">错位排列是指每个元素都不在自己原始位置的排列。n 个元素的错位排列数记作 !n（或 D_n），其公式为：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b88039a2f9ca306685121d"><span class="notion-default">下面我们用容斥原理来证明这个公式。</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-310f941cf9b8806d8b90d977c26fa703" data-id="310f941cf9b8806d8b90d977c26fa703"><span><div id="310f941cf9b8806d8b90d977c26fa703" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b8806d8b90d977c26fa703" title="1.1 问题描述"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">1.1 问题描述</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8805db6a7f991c6676bf7"><span class="notion-default">考虑 n 个元素的排列，设第 i 个元素的原始位置为 i。我们需要计算有多少种排列方式，使得没有任何一个元素留在自己的原始位置上。</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880378a64ca68bacbe9f4"><span class="notion-default">定义集合 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 为所有第 i 个元素留在原始位置 i 的排列的集合（即 &quot;坏排列&quot;）。</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8800d81beca65a57036a6"><span class="notion-default">那么，错位排列的数量就是所有排列数减去至少有一个元素在原始位置的排列数：</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-310f941cf9b8803ca731f24cdc5a19e9" data-id="310f941cf9b8803ca731f24cdc5a19e9"><span><div id="310f941cf9b8803ca731f24cdc5a19e9" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b8803ca731f24cdc5a19e9" title="1.2 应用容斥原理"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">1.2 应用容斥原理</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8801b8006f99e94f67097"><span class="notion-default">根据容斥原理：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8803891d2c3600dc41b28"><span class="notion-default">现在计算各项：</span></div><ol start="1" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b88030b26bdcd7d5a0b3ea" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>单个集合 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></li><ol class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b88030b26bdcd7d5a0b3ea" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b8806bad5adf44dae33cf8"><li><span class="notion-default">第 i 个元素固定在位置 i，其他 n-1 个元素可以任意排列</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880d8b56ac55b8666500d"><li><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880519675e9e289a8c151"><li><span class="notion-default">共有 n 个这样的集合，所以 </span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul></ol></ol><ol start="2" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b880d497f0e0214d0183d6" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>两两交集 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></li><ol class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b880d497f0e0214d0183d6" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b8802d94d1daaf77686f0e"><li><span class="notion-default">第 i 和第 j 个元素都固定在各自位置，其他 n-2 个元素任意排列</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b8800db15ccac8d5b099c4"><li><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b8808b8afde012017f194a"><li><span class="notion-default">从 n 个元素中选 2 个，有 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 种选择方式</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b8803e8d60c5330684abbb"><li><span class="notion-default">所以 </span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul></ol></ol><ol start="3" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b8801c856bccde2d0b9115" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>三三交集 </b></span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></li><ol class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b8801c856bccde2d0b9115" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b88090ac0bca0e5eafcd58"><li><span class="notion-default">第 i、j、k 个元素都固定在各自位置，其他 n-3 个元素任意排列</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880f39610d8b0f2d51e60"><li><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880498809da90783f0385"><li><span class="notion-default">从 n 个元素中选 3 个，有 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 种选择方式</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b8807c87ebc34d3e85a9d9"><li><span class="notion-default">所以 </span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul></ol></ol><ol start="4" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b880dda9b6ffac04f7ed95" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>以此类推</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></li><ol class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b880dda9b6ffac04f7ed95" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b88000bf7fff0457f9decc"><li><span class="notion-default">对于任意 k 个指定元素固定在各自位置的情况：</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b88053b2dee86339857ec6"><li><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b8804bb0a5fa07dd0d7453"><li><span class="notion-default">从 n 个元素中选 k 个，有 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 种选择方式</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b88009a876c9708b6bf11d"><li><span class="notion-default">所以第 k 项的和为：</span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul></ol></ol><ol start="5" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b880c0b7cff3148415aac3" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>最后一项（所有 n 个元素都固定在各自位置）</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></li><ol class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b880c0b7cff3148415aac3" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880b0ae6ac6b29e46fa79"><li><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b88091887ff6d15cbfd2e4"><li><span class="notion-default">符号为 </span><span class="notion-default"></span></li></ul></ol></ol><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-310f941cf9b8809896abfbc41d169ee3" data-id="310f941cf9b8809896abfbc41d169ee3"><span><div id="310f941cf9b8809896abfbc41d169ee3" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b8809896abfbc41d169ee3" title="1.3 代入容斥公式"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">1.3 代入容斥公式</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b88009a2b4d4b95ed0fb77"><span class="notion-default">将各项代入容斥原理公式：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880e99c34cc57820dacd9"><span class="notion-default">因此，错位排列的数量为：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880a5ba42d88354c367a7"><span class="notion-default">整理得：</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-310f941cf9b8800b9946f0921f248a38" data-id="310f941cf9b8800b9946f0921f248a38"><span><div id="310f941cf9b8800b9946f0921f248a38" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b8800b9946f0921f248a38" title="1.4 近似公式的说明"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">1.4 近似公式的说明</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880929745dfa8a4f5319b"><span class="notion-default">当 n 很大时，错位排列数近似为：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880a8addddc76f69bdf43"><span class="notion-default">这是因为根据 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">的泰勒展开式有：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880ef8e3dec20b81b505e"><span class="notion-default">所以：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880d081b7ce5ed1f33321"><span class="notion-default">误差项的大小为：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b88062aa74cf9327b5e0b3"><span class="notion-default">当 n ≥ 1 时，这个误差小于 0.5，因此 !n 就是最接近 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 的整数。</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-310f941cf9b8807893d0ec010b5a04fd" data-id="310f941cf9b8807893d0ec010b5a04fd"><span><div id="310f941cf9b8807893d0ec010b5a04fd" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b8807893d0ec010b5a04fd" title="5.5 举例验证"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">5.5 举例验证</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8803281f9e23a52528f6a"><span class="notion-default">以 n=4 为例：</span></div><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b8803bbe13ff6f2860065c"><li><span class="notion-default">总排列数：4! = 24</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880188f97c59b03d24760"><li><span class="notion-default">错位排列数：!4 = 24 × (1 - 1 + 1/2 - 1/6 + 1/24) = 24 × (9/24) = 9</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880178422f15a70e89dc2"><li><span class="notion-default">实际列出所有错位排列（共9种）：</span></li><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880178422f15a70e89dc2"><li><span class="notion-default">2,1,4,3</span></li><li><span class="notion-default">2,3,4,1</span></li><li><span class="notion-default">2,4,1,3</span></li><li><span class="notion-default">3,1,4,2</span></li><li><span class="notion-default">3,4,1,2</span></li><li><span class="notion-default">3,4,2,1</span></li><li><span class="notion-default">4,1,2,3</span></li><li><span class="notion-default">4,3,1,2</span></li><li><span class="notion-default">4,3,2,1</span></li></ul></ul><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880a48f2dfeb19d1d6aac"><span class="notion-default">公式计算结果与实际一致！</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880c9be03c2e64eaa4be5"><span class="notion-default"><b>结论：</b></span><span class="notion-default"> 通过容斥原理，我们成功推导出了错位排列数的精确公式和近似公式。</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880f78ea6e537b593e7f3"><span class="notion-default"><b>示例</b></span><span class="notion-default">：4位厨师各做一道菜，每人尝菜但不得尝自己做的菜，方案数为：</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-310f941cf9b8807ab3d9d8aea275c4cc" data-id="310f941cf9b8807ab3d9d8aea275c4cc"><span><div id="310f941cf9b8807ab3d9d8aea275c4cc" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b8807ab3d9d8aea275c4cc" title="2. 数论与互质问题"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">2. 数论与互质问题</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b88058aaa7dacdf72c89f5"><span class="notion-default">求 1 到 n 中与 n 互质的数的个数（欧拉函数 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">）：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880d08d8de0801054a901"><span class="notion-default">设 n 的质因子为 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，则：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880649351d795f20cac01"><span class="notion-default"><b>示例</b></span><span class="notion-default">：求 1 到 10 中与 10 互质的数的个数（即 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">）：</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-310f941cf9b880149e7ef488638d6b49" data-id="310f941cf9b880149e7ef488638d6b49"><span><div id="310f941cf9b880149e7ef488638d6b49" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b880149e7ef488638d6b49" title="3. 概率论中的容斥"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">3. 概率论中的容斥</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880ea9655dd2a2bbaf085"><span class="notion-default">对事件 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">，至少发生一个的概率：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8801c9caeedbd9aef3267"><span class="notion-default"><b>示例</b></span><span class="notion-default">：一对夫妇后代头发为黄色或卷发的概率 = 黄发概率 + 卷发概率 - 黄发且卷发概率</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-310f941cf9b880338f1df77ab9f514b0" data-id="310f941cf9b880338f1df77ab9f514b0"><span><div id="310f941cf9b880338f1df77ab9f514b0" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b880338f1df77ab9f514b0" title="4. 实际生活问题"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">4. 实际生活问题</span></span></span></h4><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b8809c8666d53a1204f33a"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>课程选修</b></span><span class="notion-default">：某班学生选课程，已知选数学、物理、化学的人数及两两重叠数，求至少选一门课的人数</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880ff907ce1cf6dfb6642"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>语言能力统计</b></span><span class="notion-default">：调查群体中掌握英语、法语、西班牙语的人数，求仅会一种语言的人数</span></li></ul><h3 class="notion-h notion-h2 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-310f941cf9b8804d8dcceb64c145391f" data-id="310f941cf9b8804d8dcceb64c145391f"><span><div id="310f941cf9b8804d8dcceb64c145391f" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b8804d8dcceb64c145391f" title="📐 四、经典例题分析"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">📐 四、经典例题分析</span></span></span></h3><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-310f941cf9b880debb52d1aba3f85ed4" data-id="310f941cf9b880debb52d1aba3f85ed4"><span><div id="310f941cf9b880debb52d1aba3f85ed4" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b880debb52d1aba3f85ed4" title="例题1（两集合）"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">例题1（两集合）</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880178dbcd05d7402711b"><span class="notion-default">某班50人，合唱队30人，美术队25人，两队都不参加的有5人。求两队都参加的人数。</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880fcb516fdc7452d27e8"><span class="notion-default"><b>解</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b88047b093edd79919e327"><span class="notion-default">至少参加一队的人数</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">
都参加的人数</span><span class="notion-default"></span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-310f941cf9b880c7ba66df81e9f8f2fa" data-id="310f941cf9b880c7ba66df81e9f8f2fa"><span><div id="310f941cf9b880c7ba66df81e9f8f2fa" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b880c7ba66df81e9f8f2fa" title="例题2（三集合极值）"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">例题2（三集合极值）</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880f8ba26e7219448aae6"><span class="notion-default">某考试数学、语文、英语满分分别20人，数学英语双满8人，数学语文双满7人，语文英语双满9人，三科均满分未知。班级最多46人，最少39人（根据三科满分人数极值推导）。</span></div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-310f941cf9b880c5912aefa87a0901d5" data-id="310f941cf9b880c5912aefa87a0901d5"><span><div id="310f941cf9b880c5912aefa87a0901d5" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b880c5912aefa87a0901d5" title="例题3（整除问题）"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">例题3（整除问题）</span></span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b8807092e4ea6ae6f49576"><span class="notion-default">求 1 到 300 中能被 3 或 5 或 7 整除的数的个数。</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880f78261f08473ee3a8f"><span class="notion-default"><b>解</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b88038b880e1ea68ed658d"><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">
</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">
</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">
</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">
</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">
</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">
</span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default">
</span><span class="notion-default"></span></div><h3 class="notion-h notion-h2 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-310f941cf9b880db8f7cfe347b5850fb" data-id="310f941cf9b880db8f7cfe347b5850fb"><span><div id="310f941cf9b880db8f7cfe347b5850fb" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b880db8f7cfe347b5850fb" title="💡 五、常见误区与技巧"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">💡 五、常见误区与技巧</span></span></span></h3><ol start="1" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b880b4b0a3d5d84ef65fe6" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>避免重复计算</b></span><span class="notion-default">：始终检查交集部分是否被正确扣除或加回</span></li></ol><ol start="2" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b880839a25d25070a92c20" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>极值问题</b></span><span class="notion-default">：</span></li><ol class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b880839a25d25070a92c20" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880a3ab16fd5b1b096404"><li><span class="notion-default">并集最大时，交集最小</span></li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-310f941cf9b880bb8670e30f7efae884"><li><span class="notion-default">并集最小时，交集最大</span></li></ul></ol></ol><ol start="3" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b880198d8fc7429bd8016b" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>互补转换</b></span><span class="notion-default">：当直接计算&quot;满足条件&quot;的集合复杂时，可先计算&quot;不满足条件&quot;的集合，再用总数减去</span></li></ol><h3 class="notion-h notion-h2 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-310f941cf9b8803fa101f5c7ec9b571e" data-id="310f941cf9b8803fa101f5c7ec9b571e"><span><div id="310f941cf9b8803fa101f5c7ec9b571e" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b8803fa101f5c7ec9b571e" title="📚 六、扩展阅读"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">📚 六、扩展阅读</span></span></span></h3><ol start="1" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b880f1aee1f0194508bae8" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>容斥原理与筛法</b></span><span class="notion-default">：在数论中，容斥原理用于埃拉托斯特尼筛法，以计算素数个数或与n互质的数的个数</span></li></ol><ol start="2" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b8805b8917d173e4816508" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>概率推广</b></span><span class="notion-default">：在测度论中，容斥原理可推广到一般测度空间（如概率空间），公式形式相同</span></li></ol><ol start="3" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-310f941cf9b880abb743db76a1c19499" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><span class="notion-default"><b>现代应用</b></span><span class="notion-default">：在计算机科学中，容斥原理用于算法设计（如组合计数、图论）、软件测试（用例设计）等领域</span></li></ol><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880af8a23c1894d28058c"><span class="notion-default">容斥原理的本质是数学的对称美与精确性的体现——通过交替加减，使计数回归均衡。从小学奥数到高等组合数学，其思想一以贯之：在重叠与分离中寻找不重不漏的真理。</span></div><h3 class="notion-h notion-h2 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-310f941cf9b880d0aa24e7d0a63a3eb7" data-id="310f941cf9b880d0aa24e7d0a63a3eb7"><span><div id="310f941cf9b880d0aa24e7d0a63a3eb7" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#310f941cf9b880d0aa24e7d0a63a3eb7" title="附录：容斥原理的推广形式"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title"><span class="notion-default">附录：容斥原理的推广形式</span></span></span></h3><div class="notion-text notion-block-310f941cf9b880a3af03d0911fb4850d"><span class="notion-default">对任意测度空间（如概率空间），若 </span><span class="notion-default"></span><span class="notion-default"> 为可测集，则：</span></div></main></div>]]></content:encoded>
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            <title><![CDATA[【记账】我的极简记账体系 (2026版)]]></title>
            <link>https://nowscott.top/article/jz202601</link>
            <guid>https://nowscott.top/article/jz202601</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 17 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="notion-article" class="mx-auto overflow-hidden "><main class="notion light-mode notion-page notion-block-30af941cf9b880598377ebafac791160"><div class="notion-viewport"></div><div class="notion-collection-page-properties"></div><h2 class="notion-h notion-h1 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-30af941cf9b88067ae9ff9382ffdcd7d" data-id="30af941cf9b88067ae9ff9382ffdcd7d"><span><div id="30af941cf9b88067ae9ff9382ffdcd7d" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#30af941cf9b88067ae9ff9382ffdcd7d" title="📘 我的极简记账体系 (2026版)"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">📘 我的极简记账体系 (2026版)</span></span></h2><blockquote class="notion-quote notion-block-30af941cf9b880f9a9fbce94bfb74581"><div><b>核心哲学</b></div><ol start="1" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b880cbbf4dd0884d165403" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><b>二字法则</b>：分类名称保持极简，降低日常记账时的认知负担。</li></ol><ol start="2" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b88086b1d6d1b5855ba494" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><b>抓大放小</b>：不纠结几毛钱的误差，重点关注资金的宏观流向。</li></ol><ol start="3" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b880be9a0fe744c71da5ac" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><b>付费性质隔离</b>：将“周期固定扣款”（订阅/生存刚需）与“日常弹性消费”（购物/娱乐）物理隔离。</li></ol><ol start="4" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b880bab378dde6105ce6e3" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><b>合并同类项</b>：低频事件不单独设分类，按“资金性质”归拢（如：兼职与外快合并，家具与杂物合并）。</li></ol></blockquote><hr class="notion-hr notion-block-30af941cf9b8809bac0ecb77192ca531"/><h3 class="notion-h notion-h2 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-30af941cf9b880ea951add93d99a3a78" data-id="30af941cf9b880ea951add93d99a3a78"><span><div id="30af941cf9b880ea951add93d99a3a78" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#30af941cf9b880ea951add93d99a3a78" title="一、 支出篇 (8大金刚)"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">一、 支出篇 (8大金刚)</span></span></h3><div class="notion-text notion-block-30af941cf9b8802291e7d8052e8fdbe9">支出被严格划分为以下 8 个一级分类。下设二级分类，确保覆盖生活全貌且逻辑互斥。</div><table class="notion-simple-table notion-block-30af941cf9b8804387b5d0b2b2b40404"><tbody><tr class="notion-simple-table-row notion-simple-table-header-row notion-block-30af941cf9b88065b4fcfe5552496297"><td class="" style="width:120px"><div class="notion-simple-table-cell">一级分类</div></td><td class="" style="width:120px"><div class="notion-simple-table-cell">核心定义</div></td><td class="" style="width:120px"><div class="notion-simple-table-cell">典型场景</div></td></tr><tr class="notion-simple-table-row notion-block-30af941cf9b880b3b3c0e391b6705e3e"><td class="" style="width:120px"><div class="notion-simple-table-cell">🍚 <b>餐饮</b></div></td><td class="" style="width:120px"><div class="notion-simple-table-cell">维持生命的能量摄入</div></td><td class="" style="width:120px"><div class="notion-simple-table-cell">一日三餐、零食、喝咖啡</div></td></tr><tr class="notion-simple-table-row notion-block-30af941cf9b8807287d6c754aa621a8f"><td class="" style="width:120px"><div class="notion-simple-table-cell">🛒 <b>购物</b></div></td><td class="" style="width:120px"><div class="notion-simple-table-cell">实体物品与个人形象投入</div></td><td class="" style="width:120px"><div class="notion-simple-table-cell">衣服、日用、数码分期、买谷子</div></td></tr><tr class="notion-simple-table-row notion-block-30af941cf9b880b097ded9ad43d81e9b"><td class="" style="width:120px"><div class="notion-simple-table-cell">🏠 <b>居住</b></div></td><td class="" style="width:120px"><div class="notion-simple-table-cell">物理空间生存成本</div></td><td class="" style="width:120px"><div class="notion-simple-table-cell">房租、水电、偶发搬家</div></td></tr><tr class="notion-simple-table-row notion-block-30af941cf9b880b8928ceaf282ece069"><td class="" style="width:120px"><div class="notion-simple-table-cell">🚗 <b>交通</b></div></td><td class="" style="width:120px"><div class="notion-simple-table-cell">空间移动成本</div></td><td class="" style="width:120px"><div class="notion-simple-table-cell">城市通勤、长途差旅</div></td></tr><tr class="notion-simple-table-row notion-block-30af941cf9b880f9ae8de7eab19416ac"><td class="" style="width:120px"><div class="notion-simple-table-cell">📊 <b>订阅</b></div></td><td class="" style="width:120px"><div class="notion-simple-table-cell">周期性数字/通信固定支出</div></td><td class="" style="width:120px"><div class="notion-simple-table-cell">话费、iCloud、API、各种会员</div></td></tr><tr class="notion-simple-table-row notion-block-30af941cf9b880c384e8fa3702fdd4ba"><td class="" style="width:120px"><div class="notion-simple-table-cell">🎮 <b>娱乐</b></div></td><td class="" style="width:120px"><div class="notion-simple-table-cell">一次性精神/体验消费</div></td><td class="" style="width:120px"><div class="notion-simple-table-cell">买游戏、看电影、去按摩</div></td></tr><tr class="notion-simple-table-row notion-block-30af941cf9b8800d9b51c14a5f8596f0"><td class="" style="width:120px"><div class="notion-simple-table-cell">🏥 <b>医疗</b></div></td><td class="" style="width:120px"><div class="notion-simple-table-cell">身体健康维护</div></td><td class="" style="width:120px"><div class="notion-simple-table-cell">看病、买药、商业医疗险</div></td></tr><tr class="notion-simple-table-row notion-block-30af941cf9b880e0950ee3b0e61cd29b"><td class="" style="width:120px"><div class="notion-simple-table-cell">🤝 <b>社交</b></div></td><td class="" style="width:120px"><div class="notion-simple-table-cell">关系维护与人情往来</div></td><td class="" style="width:120px"><div class="notion-simple-table-cell">随份子、请客吃饭、公司团建</div></td></tr></tbody></table><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-2 notion-block-30af941cf9b880bc96f2e0d8b940126d" data-id="30af941cf9b880bc96f2e0d8b940126d"><span><div id="30af941cf9b880bc96f2e0d8b940126d" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#30af941cf9b880bc96f2e0d8b940126d" title="📂 支出二级分类详解"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">📂 支出二级分类详解</span></span></h4><ol start="1" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b8806c8571fa3c2e5f1c6a" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><b>🍚 餐饮 (Dining)</b>：<em>凡是“自己吃进肚子”的都放这。</em></li><ol class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b8806c8571fa3c2e5f1c6a" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b8802d88d5fa92ca019fb2"><li>🍱 <b>简餐</b>：工作餐、便当、日常外卖。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b88064961dd809781713bb"><li>🥤 <b>饮品</b>：咖啡、奶茶、饮料。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b8809c97dad7083669473b"><li>🍪 <b>零食</b>：下午茶、点心、超市零嘴。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b880418702e345c2116a1f"><li>🍎 <b>水果</b>：日常水果补充。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b8805fa3f9f1c57e742c63"><li>🥘 <b>大餐</b>：偶尔改善伙食的丰盛正餐。</li></ul></ol></ol><ol start="2" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b88051951bcac7abbaffc9" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><b>🛒 购物 (Shopping)</b>：<em>买回家的“实体东西”或“个人形象投资”。</em></li><ol class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b88051951bcac7abbaffc9" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b880eb812fc18f8cd4d165"><li>🧻 <b>日用</b>：高频消耗品（纸巾、洗衣液、牙膏）。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b880bfbaf0cc355e85e1c4"><li>👔 <b>形象</b>：面子工程（理发、衣服、鞋包、护肤）。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b880c0b050f37ad9437662"><li>💻 <b>数码</b>：生产力资产（手机、电脑及分期还款）。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b880e38920dacaedc02076"><li>📚 <b>书籍</b>：精神食粮（实体书、单买的电子书、教材）。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b8806fb196ca82d9a2a1d7"><li>🧸 <b>喜好</b>：心灵慰藉（谷子、盲盒、手办收藏）。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b880af8cfed3148b36a966"><li>📦 <b>杂物</b>：低频实体（家具、快递运费、闲置交易成本）。</li></ul></ol></ol><ol start="3" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b880f284aec738b9d39d91" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><b>🏠 居住 (Housing)</b>：<em>为了在这个城市拥有一席之地。</em></li><ol class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b880f284aec738b9d39d91" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b8802786c1e11bf46d3187"><li>🔑 <b>房租</b>：房租、押金（含打包在内的物业费）。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b88072a701ed88444eba40"><li>⚡ <b>水电</b>：水费、电费、燃气费。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b8809f811dcd3aa195d3a1"><li>🚚 <b>搬家</b>：偶发的大额居住支出（搬家公司、中介费）。</li></ul></ol></ol><ol start="4" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b8801ba935d0e56389958a" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><b>🚗 交通 (Transport)</b>：<em>区分“日常不得不花”和“偶尔出门浪”。</em></li><ol class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b8801ba935d0e56389958a" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b880c0ade7d3a8f98e948b"><li>🚇 <b>通勤</b>：同城移动（地铁、公交、日常打车）。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b8805796c0f6016791cf1c"><li>✈️ <b>长途</b>：跨城远行（回老家、旅游的高铁/机票）。</li></ul></ol></ol><ol start="5" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b880f3ae5edc8f31a55c63" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><b>📊 订阅 (Subscriptions)</b>：<em>每月的“数字房租”，固定成本。</em></li><ol class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b880f3ae5edc8f31a55c63" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b88013abedcc78b88b79bc"><li>📲 <b>通讯</b>：手机话费（含宽带）。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b8802689e8f31fd64e071c"><li>☁️ <b>软件</b>：工具与数据（iCloud、网盘、API、ChatGPT）。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b880ed8faec4042342e8db"><li>💎 <b>会员</b>：娱乐与内容（视频会员、Spotify）。</li></ul></ol></ol><ol start="6" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b88045a44cda86235e6acb" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><b>🎮 娱乐 (Entertainment)</b>：<em>为快乐买单，强调“体验过程”。</em></li><ol class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b88045a44cda86235e6acb" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b8800fa416c258bd52ca78"><li>🕹️ <b>游戏</b>：买断制游戏（Steam/Switch）、手游氪金。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b8805ca179e87772580af8"><li>🎟️ <b>玩乐</b>：出门嗨（电影票、按摩、KTV、景点门票）。</li></ul></ol></ol><ol start="7" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b8800f9a3cd84bf0428928" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><b>🏥 医疗 (Medical)</b>：<em>身体是革命的本钱。</em></li><ol class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b8800f9a3cd84bf0428928" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b880d9a951e06afd3dee00"><li>💊 <b>药品</b>：药店买药、口罩等医疗耗材。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b880b886c7c3816710caad"><li>👩‍⚕️ <b>看病</b>：医院挂号、检查、治疗。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b8804f800fcc91f0935fee"><li>🛡️ <b>保险</b>：自己购买的商业医疗险。</li></ul></ol></ol><ol start="8" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b88071a357efe95db8caff" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><b>🤝 社交 (Social)</b>：<em>人际关系维护。</em></li><ol class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b88071a357efe95db8caff" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b880ffa07cc43955def012"><li>🧧 <b>红包</b>：纯金钱往来（份子钱、过年红包、长辈孝心）。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b880458517c19d119c3570"><li>🎁 <b>礼物</b>：实物赠送（生日礼物、伴手礼）。</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b88047ab51c0c04e7c0dd6"><li>🍻 <b>聚会</b>：请客吃饭、AA制聚餐、公司团建。</li></ul></ol></ol><hr class="notion-hr notion-block-30af941cf9b8806dbf95ca0ed8d3f8fe"/><h3 class="notion-h notion-h2 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-30af941cf9b88003aee7f41c22715d64" data-id="30af941cf9b88003aee7f41c22715d64"><span><div id="30af941cf9b88003aee7f41c22715d64" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#30af941cf9b88003aee7f41c22715d64" title="二、 收入篇 (极简 5 项)"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">二、 收入篇 (极简 5 项)</span></span></h3><div class="notion-text notion-block-30af941cf9b88017b8cdc8c979068fc7">收入的核心是<b>按“资金来源性质”分类</b>，拒绝过度细分（如把外快、兼职、副业合并），保持账面清爽。</div><ol start="1" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b880af9724f28852b04411" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li>💰 <b>工资 (Main Job)</b> - <em>逻辑</em>：主业的稳定入账。</li><ol class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b880af9724f28852b04411" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b8801a8e54c014c0a5197e"><li><em>包含</em>：每月基本工资、偶尔发的公司福利、年度退税、提取的公积金。</li></ul></ol></ol><ol start="2" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b8805f9163dcfe4a059dcb" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li>🚀 <b>副业 (Side Hustle)</b> - <em>逻辑</em>：利用业余时间或技能搞出来的钱。</li><ol class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b8805f9163dcfe4a059dcb" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b880d48a28c6443a61c0fc"><li><em>包含</em>：写代码/做工具赚的钱、接的私活、兼职劳务费（原“外快/兼职”统统归入此类）。</li></ul></ol></ol><ol start="3" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b88071b2efd90cb6ded190" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li>📈 <b>理财 (Investment)</b> - <em>逻辑</em>：钱生钱的“睡后收入”。</li><ol class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b88071b2efd90cb6ded190" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b880a9a946f9684f465b80"><li><em>包含</em>：基金收益、股票分红、银行利息。</li></ul></ol></ol><ol start="4" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b880938d66e43f103b7727" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li>🧧 <b>红包 (Red Packet)</b> - <em>逻辑</em>：人情往来的资金回流。</li><ol class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b880938d66e43f103b7727" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b8801bb00bc384f2c0f5b7"><li><em>包含</em>：收到的份子钱、压岁钱、生日转账。</li></ul></ol></ol><ol start="5" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b8806ebedfcb506bc8e630" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li>🐟 <b>闲置 (Second-hand)</b> - <em>逻辑</em>：资产变现与资金回血。</li><ol class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b8806ebedfcb506bc8e630" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b8808c87f1d675ef863132"><li><em>包含</em>：卖掉的旧手机、二手 AirTags、看过的书等（让你清楚知道“断舍离”挽回了多少钱）。</li></ul></ol></ol><hr class="notion-hr notion-block-30af941cf9b880f88a80f781fe8ed161"/><h3 class="notion-h notion-h2 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-30af941cf9b88082be36d7ce1354d9cb" data-id="30af941cf9b88082be36d7ce1354d9cb"><span><div id="30af941cf9b88082be36d7ce1354d9cb" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#30af941cf9b88082be36d7ce1354d9cb" title="三、 常见“灰色地带”判例 (Q&amp;A)"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">三、 常见“灰色地带”判例 (Q&amp;A)</span></span></h3><blockquote class="notion-quote notion-block-30af941cf9b880f384b8d3c85e6e85b6"><div><b>Q: 理发去哪里？A:</b> 去 <code class="notion-inline-code">🛒 购物</code> -&gt; <code class="notion-inline-code">👔 形象</code>。因为它是为了个人形象管理，和买衣服同理。</div></blockquote><blockquote class="notion-quote notion-block-30af941cf9b88041be4ef002b9a92286"><div><b>Q: 寄快递的运费去哪里？A:</b> 去 <code class="notion-inline-code">🛒 购物</code> -&gt; <code class="notion-inline-code">📦 杂物</code>。视为物品的位移成本，绝不混入人的“交通”里。</div></blockquote><blockquote class="notion-quote notion-block-30af941cf9b880f2a482ed3d6a5bd9cb"><div><b>Q: 买了个新手机？A:</b> 去 <code class="notion-inline-code">🛒 购物</code> -&gt; <code class="notion-inline-code">💻 数码</code>。属于大件资产添置，哪怕是分期付款，每月的还款也记在这里。</div></blockquote><blockquote class="notion-quote notion-block-30af941cf9b88077a08bea6a6a96e191"><div><b>Q: 朋友聚餐AA制？A:</b> 去 <code class="notion-inline-code">🤝 社交</code> -&gt; <code class="notion-inline-code">🍻 聚会</code>。虽然是吃饭，但掏钱的核心目的是“社交”。</div></blockquote><blockquote class="notion-quote notion-block-30af941cf9b8805c80e7c6f6750ace56"><div><b>Q: 周末去按个脚/推拿？A:</b> 去 <code class="notion-inline-code">🎮 娱乐</code> -&gt; <code class="notion-inline-code">🎟️ 玩乐</code>。这是为了爽和放松体验（如果是腰肌劳损去医院做理疗，则去 <code class="notion-inline-code">🏥 医疗</code>）。</div></blockquote><blockquote class="notion-quote notion-block-30af941cf9b880b6ab7ef0fa1af39d56"><div><b>Q: 充值 Aliyun API 或 ChatGPT？A:</b> 去 <code class="notion-inline-code">📊 订阅</code> -&gt; <code class="notion-inline-code">☁️ 软件</code>。这是每月的数字生产力基建。</div></blockquote><hr class="notion-hr notion-block-30af941cf9b880638c46f8bf052bd25a"/><h3 class="notion-h notion-h2 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-30af941cf9b880b0b70be615129e2405" data-id="30af941cf9b880b0b70be615129e2405"><span><div id="30af941cf9b880b0b70be615129e2405" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#30af941cf9b880b0b70be615129e2405" title="四、 记账心法"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">四、 记账心法</span></span></h3><ol start="1" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b880f8af14f4a34dcdbc9a" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><b>记录即正义</b>：不要有强迫症。漏记了十几块钱的奶茶不要紧，坚持记录大额流水和固定支出才是核心。</li></ol><ol start="2" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b880419444d81a006f66eb" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><b>善用备注</b>：对于“大额低频”支出，务必写备注（如：<code class="notion-inline-code">iPhone 16 分期 3/24</code> 或 <code class="notion-inline-code">广州搬家货拉拉</code>），方便年底查账。</li></ol><ol start="3" class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b880278a67c9037e7613f2" style="list-style-type:decimal"><li><b>复盘的重点</b>：</li><ol class="notion-list notion-list-numbered notion-block-30af941cf9b880278a67c9037e7613f2" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b880688958f01d3d761d26"><li>每月查 <code class="notion-inline-code">📊 订阅</code> 和 <code class="notion-inline-code">🏠 居住</code>：你的“生存底线成本”是多少？</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b880ec97a4c99e072f1e56"><li>每月查 <code class="notion-inline-code">🛒 购物</code> 和 <code class="notion-inline-code">🎮 娱乐</code>：你的“消费降级/升级”空间在哪里？</li></ul><ul class="notion-list notion-list-disc notion-block-30af941cf9b880a49fe4dcdf657eb88d"><li>每年查 <code class="notion-inline-code">🐟 闲置</code>：看今年通过回血省下了多少钱。</li></ul></ol></ol></main></div>]]></content:encoded>
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            <title><![CDATA[【码日常】最近改了哪些项目]]></title>
            <link>https://nowscott.top/article/codedate01</link>
            <guid>https://nowscott.top/article/codedate01</guid>
            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[前一段时间高强度改项目，那么都有哪些改动呢，就在这篇文章中逐一讲解]]></description>
            <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="notion-article" class="mx-auto overflow-hidden "><main class="notion light-mode notion-page notion-block-d3465c65859445bd9dbc906acddeefb2"><div class="notion-viewport"></div><div class="notion-collection-page-properties"></div><h3 class="notion-h notion-h2 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-e7ce191c2e324fb489c4694437ac9127" data-id="e7ce191c2e324fb489c4694437ac9127"><span><div id="e7ce191c2e324fb489c4694437ac9127" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#e7ce191c2e324fb489c4694437ac9127" title="前言"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">前言</span></span></h3><div class="notion-text notion-block-f70fbe80efb742df856829462c1fc93e">前面一段时间对我的几个项目做了很多更改，也创建了新项目，具体都有哪些呢，请看下文</div><h3 class="notion-h notion-h2 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-512f226b833b435386e5e5c8aebb5e00" data-id="512f226b833b435386e5e5c8aebb5e00"><span><div id="512f226b833b435386e5e5c8aebb5e00" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#512f226b833b435386e5e5c8aebb5e00" title="一、IndWebIndex"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">一、IndWebIndex</span></span></h3><div class="notion-text notion-block-450eb1eb9aa645c49b67f433ec2fb3f7">link：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="notion-link" href="https://github.com/nowscott/IndWebIndex">https://github.com/nowscott/IndWebIndex</a></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-598101db23004ff89a8887f3e6165601">对于这个维护了很久很久的项目，我最近也是做了一些改动，大概有如下几点</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-f09ea2f8463e4922880fd3c3e22108b4" data-id="f09ea2f8463e4922880fd3c3e22108b4"><span><div id="f09ea2f8463e4922880fd3c3e22108b4" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#f09ea2f8463e4922880fd3c3e22108b4" title="1.标题改动"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">1.标题改动</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-f0e3e03054a449b0a2688bcdb5c696d6">把文章标题从原来的nowscott改成了现在的项目全名</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-da2220f45fa545c98b3ec233269f77c6"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:100%;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column;height:100%"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F54fd1e02-e29d-4cdf-8cf9-397f5846d5f6%2Fb86fbdf6-54e6-40fd-8c74-aa682e257634%2F%25E6%2588%25AA%25E5%25B1%258F2024-04-30_15.53.35.png?table=block&amp;id=da2220f4-5fa5-45c9-8b3e-c233269f77c6&amp;t=da2220f4-5fa5-45c9-8b3e-c233269f77c6&amp;width=708&amp;cache=v2" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><div class="notion-text notion-block-f90b03847ca1435e901d48bfd5682723">以及在下面添加了部署的方法链接，点击下方如何部署就会跳转到部署教程网站（需要能访问github）</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-cc3a545778c8436ebec4228bee72361f">当然你可能发现我这里字体和此前有些不太一样，之前使用的字体是得意黑，而这里并不是，对于此我会在后文字体的改动里面详细说</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-d6cd0a8292c742779523a0116158f3bc" data-id="d6cd0a8292c742779523a0116158f3bc"><span><div id="d6cd0a8292c742779523a0116158f3bc" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#d6cd0a8292c742779523a0116158f3bc" title="2.文件结构改动"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">2.文件结构改动</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-e4f4dfba3d984c0abcbf7ceee8baaf17">此前项目的文件结构其实并不复杂，但是看起来很乱，根目录下有很多的文件夹和文件，我看着不爽好久了</div><figure class="notion-asset-wrapper notion-asset-wrapper-image notion-block-629bf6c4ecc244bca6c8ef96ec1749f2"><div style="position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-self:center;width:100%;max-width:100%;flex-direction:column;height:100%"><img style="object-fit:cover" src="https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fprod-files-secure.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2F54fd1e02-e29d-4cdf-8cf9-397f5846d5f6%2Fe1c435fa-6b69-40c4-81ab-15b73b4b3020%2F%25E6%2588%25AA%25E5%25B1%258F2024-04-30_17.08.11.png?table=block&amp;id=629bf6c4-ecc2-44bc-a6c8-ef96ec1749f2&amp;t=629bf6c4-ecc2-44bc-a6c8-ef96ec1749f2&amp;width=708&amp;cache=v2" alt="notion image" loading="lazy" decoding="async"/></div></figure><div class="notion-text notion-block-e1d8165abcb448c196cde2f662c718c2">然后现在改为使用public作为默认的根目录，需要的各种内容现在都放在public文件夹中，这样看起来能整洁一些。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-fac550eb36db4f6ab13225cb47f10b51" data-id="fac550eb36db4f6ab13225cb47f10b51"><span><div id="fac550eb36db4f6ab13225cb47f10b51" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#fac550eb36db4f6ab13225cb47f10b51" title="3.data.json更新逻辑"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">3.data.json更新逻辑</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-a8bd4b0a9abe458087ea388dc4c1ef75">原本data.json文件其实是在其他项目中生成然后拷贝过来的，现在我直接在src目录下添加了scrape.py文件用了直接从notion上获取数据来更新data.json，然后使用GitHub Action每小时执行这个python文件来更新data.json。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-a3ecacf6cfdf400d9eda950379d3148a">本来是想改成动态从notion获取，把data.json读在部署服务器缓存中，但是没学会，以后再更新成那种方式的吧。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-a3c7a00c8dbe4b238b0d409814de08ac" data-id="a3c7a00c8dbe4b238b0d409814de08ac"><span><div id="a3c7a00c8dbe4b238b0d409814de08ac" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#a3c7a00c8dbe4b238b0d409814de08ac" title="4.右键菜单（字体切换）"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">4.右键菜单（字体切换）</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-0502e499ce504a8ba6e56095d2e3f447">一直看着得意黑的字体，虽然我非常喜欢，但还是想隔段时间换换样子，因此我导入了新的字体，霞鹜文楷，这个字体看着真是非常舒服，我的个人博客还有Obsidian笔记也是用的这个字体。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-f7979fa352a14e45a13e67f7eca7701c">至于字体的切换我放在了右键菜单中，对于我这个网页来说，右键菜单原本的功能基本上都用不上，所以就把切换字体放入其中，同时切换字体是会存入缓存中的，保存7天的时间。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-51ed371a49094c629ea9955098e04c8e">但是有一个问题就是霞鹜文楷这个字体虽然我已经使用了轻量化的版本但加载速度还是有些缓慢，因为字体文件大小大概是得意黑的2.5倍左右，所以在加载速度上霞鹜文楷没有什么优势。</div><h3 class="notion-h notion-h2 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-b655d34820684a1aa688cdcdd6f1d590" data-id="b655d34820684a1aa688cdcdd6f1d590"><span><div id="b655d34820684a1aa688cdcdd6f1d590" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#b655d34820684a1aa688cdcdd6f1d590" title="二、EverydayTechNews"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">二、EverydayTechNews</span></span></h3><div class="notion-text notion-block-ed9d0c117b494ad38a5ac5e44cc83f39">link：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="notion-link" href="https://github.com/nowscott/EverydayTechNews">https://github.com/nowscott/EverydayTechNews</a></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-a1fc2db50507476ba65fe3241a1464da">这个项目也已经稳定运行了很久的时间，但是近期也做了挺多的改动，其中最主要的原因就是添加收件人不太方便以及新闻源对我的吸引力没那么强了，因此做了如下几点改动</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-d22fca09be93414998ac579795671641" data-id="d22fca09be93414998ac579795671641"><span><div id="d22fca09be93414998ac579795671641" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#d22fca09be93414998ac579795671641" title="1.新闻源改动"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">1.新闻源改动</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-db575ee96c334c01954965be35d28730">新闻源从最开始的网易新闻科技板块改成了数码板块，因为我发现科技板块的静态新闻连续好多天不更新，然后数码板块的更新频率也不太行，所以我又寻找其他的新闻源，我找到了中关村在线，发现这个更新的频率确实挺高的，但是没有我很感兴趣的板块，最后换成了现在正在使用的<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="notion-link" href="https://www.eepw.com.cn/news">EEPW</a>电子产品世界。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-217d7eff108e4188b55b55c7f36c9649">后续可能还会做一些更改，然后可能结合一些其他内容做一个历史新闻的归档也说不定。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-3d84deaf4c954f43bfe4180571ce778e" data-id="3d84deaf4c954f43bfe4180571ce778e"><span><div id="3d84deaf4c954f43bfe4180571ce778e" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#3d84deaf4c954f43bfe4180571ce778e" title="2.添加收件人方式改动"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">2.添加收件人方式改动</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-da108056778d4a339dc144fb715fcea9">最开始我使用的是明文写在配置文件中的收件人，那种情况确实很方便修改了，但是邮箱暴露也是一件不太好的事情，于是我把收件人列表放在了GitHub代码库的secret变量中，这样确实不会暴露了，但是增加就太麻烦了，必须要进入github后台。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-1b8cb0465d9c41d3b42f31ebae2b52f7">因此我借鉴了IndWebIndex的存储数据库的思路，也使用notion作为数据库来管理邮箱的增加和减少，同时写了一个网页用来收集邮箱，把每日科技新闻变成订阅制的，感觉还不错。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-766c156a4dc54de7a348001b486b7e82">收集邮件的项目地址：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="notion-link" href="https://github.com/nowscott/EmaiListInbox">https://github.com/nowscott/EmaiListInbox</a></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-eebab8310a0d4095aee13a3e8463952c">每日科技新闻订阅地址：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="notion-link" href="https://mailist.nowscott.top/">https://mailist.nowscott.top/</a></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-e198089d8709427f8e51cf1653550299">后续也许会整合成一个库用来完成全流程，不过还没想好。</div><h3 class="notion-h notion-h2 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-7f4523994d574a9db54f6f9525a1182d" data-id="7f4523994d574a9db54f6f9525a1182d"><span><div id="7f4523994d574a9db54f6f9525a1182d" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#7f4523994d574a9db54f6f9525a1182d" title="三、NowStrideUp"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">三、NowStrideUp</span></span></h3><div class="notion-text notion-block-561c7cbd7b924df5a69f516e539571dc">link：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="notion-link" href="https://github.com/nowscott/NowStrideUp">https://github.com/nowscott/NowStrideUp</a></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-f20266af7cd3497fb252647e68755380">这个实际上是我的Obsidian笔记备份的一个仓库，但是为了解决多设备查看笔记的需求，我没有使用Obsidian的其他端的软件，我感觉配置起来还是麻烦一些，毕竟我没有多设备写的需求，只是读的话应该有很多方式。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-bc9b4fb74675480183a51546efc7a621" data-id="bc9b4fb74675480183a51546efc7a621"><span><div id="bc9b4fb74675480183a51546efc7a621" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#bc9b4fb74675480183a51546efc7a621" title="1.自动更新README.md中的目录"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">1.自动更新README.md中的目录</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-b61116a389164b0dbf086c3034309dfb">同步到GitHub上那我自然就想到给这个项目添加一个README文件，但是如果只是一个简单的介绍又写不了什么，于是我把整个笔记的目录放在了其中，使用python写了一个脚本，同时也使用Github Action来自动调用，每天我只管同步笔记就好了，剩下的更新目录的事情就交给GitHub Action来做了。</div><h4 class="notion-h notion-h3 notion-h-indent-1 notion-block-10ab8064f6334cf6bc5eee69e33b840f" data-id="10ab8064f6334cf6bc5eee69e33b840f"><span><div id="10ab8064f6334cf6bc5eee69e33b840f" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#10ab8064f6334cf6bc5eee69e33b840f" title="2.笔记网页端读取"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">2.笔记网页端读取</span></span></h4><div class="notion-text notion-block-4acb41d42ce345d180dd6ca9052ac559">有了目录我就可以在其他设备上登录Github来查看我的笔记了，但是我发现github对于很多内容的支持并不好，比如公式等，于是我想到了在其中添加index.html和一些js文件来读取存在相同地方的笔记文件，这样就把笔记转化成了网页，然后我再把网页部署出来就能更好的进行读取了。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-3d3848e88e4546ac8ea141379889e6ed">于是我肝了一晚，弄出来了一个demo，已经能读取到笔记内容了，虽然ui还很简陋。（但我最近实在是懒得改，先这样用吧）</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-028df14232954b208ecfa79f1024324b">笔记链接：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="notion-link" href="https://now-stride-up.vercel.app/">https://now-stride-up.vercel.app/</a></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-3d156f07481b421085eb4feb0051bf13">（还没用自己的域名，可能会进不去）</div><h3 class="notion-h notion-h2 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-2287727829904aeca3925dd5bc1f6484" data-id="2287727829904aeca3925dd5bc1f6484"><span><div id="2287727829904aeca3925dd5bc1f6484" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#2287727829904aeca3925dd5bc1f6484" title="四、nowscott"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">四、nowscott</span></span></h3><div class="notion-text notion-block-8442607224d84d708110c8ef31879454">link：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="notion-link" href="https://github.com/nowscott/nowscott">https://github.com/nowscott/nowscott</a></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-c79f406d1e5b47ea9f7c233eb5c463e8">没错，这也是一个仓库</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-63bda7f1e7b14090849a2fa088a19505">这个仓库中的README文件会在你的GitHub主页中显示，也就是我改了一下我的主页。</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-89423480bd9947c2a6e928df18517140">但实际上文字的内容没有什么变化，只不过增加了一些花里胡哨的内容，可以看一下如下链接查看</div><div class="notion-text notion-block-729a6619f7ca4e4dadae1dad73925add">link：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="notion-link" href="https://github.com/nowscott">https://github.com/nowscott</a></div><div class="notion-text notion-block-e16e77b06e9c4f73b34c9748fe75f888">我参考了很多大佬的主页，选择了一些合适的放在了主页中，如果你也想改改你的主页可以参考一下我这个项目（四舍五入我也是大佬）</div><h3 class="notion-h notion-h2 notion-h-indent-0 notion-block-ba7720c1035a4263b5501955f31857a8" data-id="ba7720c1035a4263b5501955f31857a8"><span><div id="ba7720c1035a4263b5501955f31857a8" class="notion-header-anchor"></div><a class="notion-hash-link" href="#ba7720c1035a4263b5501955f31857a8" title="结尾"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 001.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 112.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 01-2.83 0 .75.75 0 00-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 004.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 010-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 012.83 0 .75.75 0 001.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 00-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 004.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 00-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 01-2.83 0z"></path></svg></a><span class="notion-h-title">结尾</span></span></h3><div class="notion-text notion-block-6b68c798c38948f4bdaf02b27c742bfe">大概就是这些，如果你有什么有趣的项目，或者什么好玩的内容也可以分享给我</div><div class="notion-blank notion-block-c3280fb067f8416299e69fde30f2d2bb"> </div></main></div>]]></content:encoded>
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